Definition of a matrix – Serlo

Matrices are a concept from linear algebra. A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of elements from a ring with unit (i.e., elements, with which we can calculate like with numbers). Matrices can be used to simplify arithmetic operations such as addition and multiplication.

What are matrices?

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A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers or objects that allow for computations, as if they were numbers. Mathematically speaking, the entries are elements of a ring with unit.

Example

An example of a matrix is  .

We denote the entire arrangement of numbers by   and call it a Matrix. The objects within the matrix are called components or entries.

The entries standing next to each other form a row of the matrix, the entries standing below each other form a column. The matrix   above has 3 rows and 2 columns. We call it a   matrix to indicate its size. Another way to indicate the size is to say,   is of type   of matrix.

The component that is in the  -th row and in the  -th column is denoted by  . For instance, within the the matrix   we have   or  .

Hint

Attention: Within the indices of  , the order matters: The row index   comes first, followed by the column index  .

Matrices do not necessarily have to contain numbers. In order to indicate that a matrix of type   has entries, which are elements of some ring   , we write . In that case,   is called a matrix of type   over  .

Equality of matrices

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When are two matrices equal? In principle, one may define equality in several different ways. But there is one that makes by far the most sense:

Definition (Equality of matrices)

Two matrices   and   are equal if and only if:

  1. Both matrices are of the same type, i.e. they have the same number of rows and columns.
  2. All components of both matrices are equal
 

Hint

Matrices of different types cannot be equal. For instance, the zero matrix of type   is not the same as the zero matrix of type  , even though we call both of them a "zero matrix".

Examples

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Example (Matrices over  )

  is a  -matrix.

Here, for example  .

  is a  -matrix.
  is a  -matrix.
  is a  -matrix.

Example (Matrix over  )

 

Transposed matrix

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Definition

Let   be a matrix in  . Then we define the transposed matrix as  .

Example

Let   and define

 .

Then its transposed matrix is given by

 .

Some special cases

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Row vectors

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Matrices of the type   are usually called (row) vectors and written with only one index, i.e.

 .

Column vectors

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Matrices of the type   are usually called (column) vectors and written with only one index, i.e.

 .

Zero matrices

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A matrix in which every entry is   is called a zero matrix. The   is the neutral element of the addition in our ring.

Hint

Attention, there is not only one zero matrix, but a separate zero matrix for each underlying set and each type.

Example (Some zero matrices)

 
 

Square matrices

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Matrices with the same number of rows and columns are called square matrices. A typical square matrix has the shape:

 

Due to their special shape, some more interesting special cases can now occur among the square matrices.

Diagonal matrices

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Diagonal matrices' are square matrices that have non-zero entries only on the diagonal (from top left to bottom right), i.e.   for  .

The general shape of the diagonal matrix is:

 

Example (Diagonal matrix)

 

As we will see later, diagonal matrices are particularly important if we understand them as a linear map on a finite dimensional vector space. Matrix multiplication and the calculation of inverses are much easier to perform with a diagonal matrix than with a generic matrix.

Unit matrices

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The unit matrix is a special case of the diagonal matrices. It is exactly that diagonal matrix for which all entries in the diagonal are equal to the unit 1 of the ring, i.e.

  und  .

The general shape of the unit matrix is:

 

Definition (Kronecker symbol)

We define the Kronecker symbol   for   by   and  .

I.e. the Kronecker symbol is always equal to 0 if there are two different indices and it is equal to 1 if the indices are the same. Then the unit matrix can be written as  .

Triangular matrices

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By a triangular matrix we want to understand a square matrix which is characterised by the fact that all entries below or above the main diagonal are zero.

If the entries above the main diagonal are zero, then the matrix is called a lower triangular matrix. If, on the other hand, the entries below the main diagonal are zero, then the matrix is called an upper triangular matrix.

The general shape of a lower triangular matrix is:

 

The general shape of an upper triangular matrix is:

 

Among other things, triangular matrices play an important role in solving systems of linear equations. We will go into this in more detail in a further chapter.

Symmetric matrices

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A square matrix is called symmetric if it is equal to its transposed matrix, i.e. if:   This is true if and only if  .

Example (Symmetric matrix)

 

Visually,   means that the entries of the matrix are mirrored along the diagonals.