Quellenverzeichnis
Abuzinadah RA, Read DJ 1986a. The role of proteins in the nitrogen nutrition of ectomycorrhizal plants. I. Utilization of peptides and proteins by ectomycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 103:481-493
Abuzinadah RA, Read DJ 1986b. The role of proteins in the nitrogen nutrition of ectomycorrhizal plants. II. Utilization of proteins by mycorrhizal plants. New Phytol 103:495-506
Abuzinadah RA, Read DJ 1986c. The role of proteins in the nitrogen nutrition of ectomycorrhizal plants. III. Protein utilization by Betula and Pinus in mycorrhizal association with Hebeloma crustuliniforme. New Phytol 103:507-514
Agerer R 1991. Characterization of ectomycorrhizas. in: Norris JR, Read DJ, Varma AK (eds.) Methods in Microbiology, Vol. 23, Techniques for the study of mycorrhiza, pp. 25- 73, Academic Press, London, New York
Agerer R 1995. Anatomical characteristics of identified ectomycorrhizas: an attempt towards a natural classification. In: Varma AK, Hock B (eds.) Mycorrhiza Structure, Function, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp 685-734
Agerer R 1987-2012. Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae. Einhorn-Verlag, Schwäbisch Gmünd
Agerer R 2001. Exploration types of ectomycorrhizal mycelium systems. A proposal to classify mycorrhizal mycelial systems with respect to their ecologically important contact area with the substrate. Mycorrhiza 11:107-114
Agerer R, Piepenbring M, Blanz P (eds.) 2004. Frontiers in Basidiomycote Mycology, IHW-Verlag, Eching
Agerer R, Christan J, Mayr C 2012. Isotopic signatures and trophic status of Ramaria. Mycol Progress 11:47-59
Albert R, Jeong H, Barabási AL 2000. Error and attack tolerance of complex networks. Nature 406:378-381
Alexander T, Toth R, Meier R, Weber HC 1989. Dynamics of arbuscule development and degeneration in onion, bean, and tomato with reference to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in grasses. Can J Bot 67:2502-2513
Allen MF, Crisafulli C, Friese CF, Jeakins SL 1992. Re-formation of mycorrhizal symbioses on Mount St Helens, 1980-1990: interactions of rodents and mycorrhizal fungi. Mycol Res 96:447-453
Allen TR, Millar T, Berch S, Berbee ML 2003. Culturing and direct DNA extraction find different fungi from the same ericoid mycorrhizal roots. New Phytol 160:255–272
Almeida-Neto M, Guimarães P, Guimarães PR Jr, Loyola RD, Ulrich W 2008. A consistent metric for nestedness analysis in ecological systems: reconciling concept and measurements. Oikos 117:1227-1239
Alvarez-Manjarrez J, Garibay-Orijel R, Smith ME 2018. Caryophyllales are the main hosts of a set of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Neotropical dry forest. Mycorrhiza 28:103-115
Amaranthus MP, Perry DA 1989. Interaction effects of vegetation type and Pacific madrone soil inocula on survival, growth, and mycorrhiza formation of Douglas-fir. Can J For Res 19:550-556
Arnebrant K, Ek H, Finlay RD, Söderström B 1993. Nitrogen translocation between Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. seedlings inoculated with Frankia sp. and Pinus contorta Doug. ex Loud seedlings connected ba a common ectomycorrhizal mycelium. New Phytol 124:231-242
Atmar W, Patterson BD 1993. The measure of order and disorder in the distribution of species in fragmented habitat. Oecologia 96:373-382
Aumann DC, Clooth G, Steffan B, Steglich W 1989. Komplexierung von Caesium-137 durch die Hutfarbstoffe des Maronenröhrlings (Xerocomus badius). Angew Chem 101:495-496
Ausubel FM 2005. Are innate immune signaling pathways in plants and animals conserved? Nature Immunology 6:973-979
Azcón-Aguilar C, Barea JM 1996. Arbuscular mycorrhizas and biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens - an overview of the mechanisms involved. Mycorrhiza 6:457-464
Bâ AM, Garbaye J, Martin F, Dexheimer J 1994. Root soluble carbohydrates of Afzelia africana Sm. seedlings and modifications of mycorrhizal establishment in response to the excision of cotyledons. Mycorrhiza 4:269-275
Babikova Z et mult. 2013. Underground signals carried through common mycelial networks warn neighbouring plants of aphid attack. Ecol Lett 16:835–843
Bacon CD, Silvestro D, Jaramillo C, Smith BT, Chakrabarty P, Antonelli A 2015. Biological evidence supports an early and complex emergence of the Isthmus of Panama. PNAS 112:6110–6115
Bago B, Vierheilig H, Piché Y, Azcón-Aguilar C 1996. Nitrate depletion and pH changes induced by the extraradical mycelium of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices grown in monoxenic cultures. New Phytol 133:272-280
Bago B, Azcón-Aguilar C, Goulet A, Piché Y 1998. Branched absorbing structures (BAS): a feature of the external mycelium of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 139:375-388
Bago B, Pfeffer PE, Abubaker J, Jun J, Allen JW, Brouillette J, Douds DD, Lammers PJ, Shachar-Hill Y 2003. Carbon export from arbuscular mycorrhizal roots involves the translocation of carbohydrate as well as lipid. Plant Physiol 131:1496–150
Bahram M, Polme S, Koljalg U, Tedersoo L 2011. A single European aspen (Populus tremula) tree individual may potentially harbour dozens of Cenococcum geophilum ITS genotypes and hundreds of species of ectomycorrhizal fungi. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 75:313–320
Balestrini R, Romera C, Puigdomenech P, Bonfante P 1994. Location of a cell-wall hydroxyprolin-rich glycoprotein, cellulose and β-1,3-glucans in apical and differentiated regions of maize mycorrhizal roots. Planta 195:201-209
Balestrini R, Hahn MG, Bonfante P 1996. Loaction of cell wall components in ectomycorrhizae of Corylus avellana and Tuber magnatum. Protoplasma 191:55-69
Balestrini R, Cosgrove DJ, Bonfante P 2005. Differential location of α-expansin proteins during the accommodation of roots cells to an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Planta 220:889-899
Balestrini R, Bonfante P 2014. Cell wall remodelling in mycorrhizal symbiosis: a way towards biotrophism. Frontiers in Plant Science 5: article 237:1-10
Bandala VM, Montoya L, Villegas R 2011. Tremelloscypha gelatinosa (Sebacinales) from tropical deciduous Gymnopodium forests in southern Mexico. Mycotaxon 118:147–157
Barabási AL, Albert R 1999. Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science 286:509-512
Barea J-M, José MJ, Azcón R, Azcón-Aguilar C 2005. Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere. J Experimental Botany 56:1761-1778
Barrett CF, Freudenstein JV 2008. Molcular evolution of rbcL in the mycoheterotrophic coralroot orchids (Corallorhiza Gagnebin, Orchidaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics Evolution 47:665-679
Barroetaveña C, Cázares E, Rajchenberg M 2007. Ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir: a comparison of species richness in native western North American forests and Patagonian plantations from Argentina. Mycorrhiza 17:355–373
Barroso J, Pais MS 1985. Caractérisation cytochimique de l’interface hôte/endophyte des endomycorrhizes d’Ophrys lutea. Ann Sci Naturelles – Botanique 7: 237-244
Barthlott W, Porembski S, Seine R, Theisen I 2004. Karnivoren. Biologie und Kultur Fleischfressender Pflanzen. Verlag Eugen Ulmer
Bascompte J, Jordano P 2007. Plant-animal mutualistic networks: The architecture of biodiversity. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 38: 567-593
Battini F, Bernardi R, Turrini A, Agnolucci M, Giovanetti M 2016. Rhizophygus intraradices or its associated bacteria affect gene expression of key enzymes involved in the rosmaric acid biosynthesis pathway of basil. Mycorrhiza 26:699-707
Bauer R, Oberwinkler F 1991. The symplechosome: a unique cell organelle of some basidiomycetes. Botanica Acta 104:93-97
Bauer R, Begerow D, Sampaio JP, Weiß M, Oberwinkler F 2006. The simple-septate basidiomycetes: a synopsis. Mycol Progr. 5:41-66
Baylis GT 1975. The magnolioid mycorrhiza and mycotrophy in root systems derived from it. In: Sanders FE, Mosse B, Tinker PB (eds) Endomycorrhizas, Academic Press, New York, London, pp 373-389
Bécard G, Fortin JA 1988. Early events in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza formation in T-DNA transformed roots. New Phytol 108:211-218
Becerra A, Zak MR, Horton TR, Micolini J. 2005. Ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of Alnus acuminata from Calilegua National Park (Argentina). Mycorrhiza 15:525–531
Beck A 2002. Vielfalt arbuskulärere Mykorrhizen an Bäumen des tropischen Bergregenwalds in Ecuador. Diplomarbeit, Universität Tübingen
Beck A, Kottke I, Oberwinkler F 2005. Two members of the Glomeromycota form distinct ectendomycorhizas with Alzatea verticillata, a prominent tree in the mountain rain forest of southern Ecuador. Mycological Progress 4:11-22
Beck A, Haug I, Oberwinkler F, Kottke I 2007. Structural characterisation and molecular identification of arbuscular mycorrhiza morphotypes of Alzatea verticillata (Alzateaceae) a prominent tree in the tropical mountain rain forest of South Ecuador. Mycorrhiza 17:607-625
Beckmann S 1999. Stickstoffdeposition in Ektomykorrhizen der Fichte (Picea abies L. Karst). Dissertation Tübingen
Beever RE, Burns DJ 1980. Phosphorus uptake, storage and utilization by fungi. Advances Bot Res 8:127-219
Béguisterain T, Lapeyrie F 1997. Host plant stimulates hypaphorine accumulation in Pisolithus tinctorius hyphae during ectomycorrhizal infection while excreted fungal hypaphorine controls root hair elongation. New Phytol 136:525-532
Bending GD, Read DJ 1996. Nitrogen mobilization from protein polyphenol complex by ericoid and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Soil Biol Biochem 28:1603–1612
Bending GD, Read DJ 1997. Lignin and soluble phenolic degradation by ectomycorrhizal and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi. Mycol Res 101:1348–1354
Bendix J, Rollenbeck R, Richter M, Fabian P, Emck P 2008. Climate. In: Beck F. et al. eds. Gradients in a Tropical Mountain Ecosystem of Ecuador. Ecological Studies 198, Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 63-73
Bennett A, Bever JD 2007. Mycorrhizal species differentially alter plant growth and response to herbivory. Ecology 88:210-218
Benzing DH, Ott DW, Friedman WE 1982. Roots of Sobralia macrantha (Orchidaceae): Structure and function of the velamen-exodermis complex. Amer J Bot 69: 608-614
Becquer A et mult. 2018. The Hebeloma cylindrosporum HcPT2 Pi transporter plays a key role in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. New Phytol 220:1185-1199
Berbee ML, Taylor JW 2010. Dating the molecular clock in fungi – how close are we? Fungal Biol Rev 24:1-16
Berch SM, Fortin J.A 1983. Endogone pisiformis: axenic culture and associations with Sphagnum, Pinus sylvestris, Allium cepa, and Allium porrum. Can J Bot 61:899-905
Bernard MN 1909. L’évolution dans la symbiose. Les orchidées et leurs champignons commensaux. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique 9:1-196
Berndt R, Kottke I, Oberwinkler F 1990. Ascomycete mycorrhizas from pot-grown silver-fir seedlings (Abies alba Mill.). New Phytol 115:471-482
Berta G, Tagliasacchi AM, Fusconi A, Gerlero D, Trotta A, Scannerini S 1991. The mitotic cycle in root apical meristems of Allium porrum L. is controlled by the endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus sp. Strain E3. Protoplasma 161:12-16
Berta G et mult. 1995. Arbuscular mycorrhizal induced changes to plant growth and root system morphology in Prunus cerasifera. Tree Physiology 15:281-293
Besserer A et mult. 2006. Strigolactones stimulate arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by activating mitochondria. PLOS Biology e226
Bianciotto V, Lumini E, Bonfante P, Vandamme P 2003. ‘Candidatus Glomeribacter gigasporarum‘ gen. nov., sp. nov., an endosymbiont of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Int J Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol 53:121-124
Bianciotto V, Genre A, Jargeat P, Lumini E, Bécard G, Bonfante P 2004. Vertical transmission of endobacteria in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita through generation of vegetative spores. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70:3600-3608
Bidartondo MI, Ek H, Wallander H, Söderström B 2001. Do nutrient additions alter carbon sink strength of ectomycorrhizal fungi? New Phytol 151:543-550
Bidartondo MI, Redecker D, Hijri I, Wiemken A, Bruns TD, Domínguez L, Sérsic A, Leake JL, Read DJ 2002. Epiparasitic plants specialized on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nature 419:389-392
Bidartondo M I, Bruns TD, Weiß M, Sérgio C, Read DJ 2003. Specialized cheating of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis by an epiparasitic liverwort. Proc R Soc London B 270:835-842
Bidartondo MI 2005. The evolutionary ecology of myco-heterotrophy. Tansley Review. New Phytol 167:335-352
Bidartondo MI, Duckett JG 2010. Conservative ecological and evolutionary patterns in liverwort-fungial symbioses. Proc R Soc B 277:485-492
Bidartondo MI, Read DJ, Trappe JM, Merckx V, Ligrone R, Duckett JG 2011. The dawn of symbiosis between plants and fungi. Biology Letters 7:574-577
Binder M, Larsson K-H, Matheny B, Hibbett DS 2010. Amylocorticiales ord. nov. and Jaapiales ord. nov.: Early diverging clades of Agaricomycetidae dominated by corticioid forms. Mycologia 102:865–880
Birkebak JM, Mayor JR, Ryberg KM, Mathey PB 2013. A systematic and ecological overview of the Clavariaceae (Agaricales). Mycologia 105:896-911
Bitterlich M, Franken P 2016. Connecting polyphosphate translocation and hyphal water transport points to a key of mycorrhizal functioning. New Phytol 211:1147-1149
Björkman E 1960. Monotropa hypopitys L. - an epiparasite on tree roots. Physiol Plantarum 13:308-327
Blaschke H, Bäumler W 1989. Mycophagy and spore dispersal by small mammals in Bavarian forests. Forest Ecology Management 26:237-245
Blasius D, Feil W, Kottke I, Oberwinkler F 1986. Hartig net structure and formation in fully ensheathed ectomycorrhizas. Nordic J Bot 6:837-842
Bödeker ITM, Nygren CMR, Taylor AFS, Olson A, Lindahl BD 2009. Class II peroxidase encoding genes are present in a phylogenetically wide range of ectomycorrhizal fungi. ISME J 3:1387–1395
Bödeker IT, Clemmensen KE, de Boer W, Martin F, Olson A and Lindahl BD 2014. Ectomycorrhizal Cortinarius species participate in enzymatic oxidation of humus in northern forest ecosystems. New Phytol 203:245–256
Boerner RE 1992. Plant life span and response to inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. I. Annual versus perennial grasses. Mycorrhiza 1:153-161 (auch andere Pflanzen in Liste)
Boldt-Burisch K, Naeth A 2017. Early colonization of root associated communities on reclamation substrates at a diamond mine in the Canadian Sub-Arctic. Applied Soil Ecology 110:118-126
Bona E et mult. 2014. AM fungi and PGP pseudomonads increase flowering, fruit production, and vitamin content in strawberry grown at low nitrogen and phosphorus levels . Mycorrhiza DOI 10.1007/s00572-014-0599-y
Bonfante-Fasolo P, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Martinengo L 1984. Ultrastructural aspects of endomycorrhiza in the Ericaceae IV. Comparison of infection by Pezizella ericae in host and non-host plants. New Phytol 98: 329-333
Bonfante-Fasolo P, Perotto S, Testa B, Antonella F 1987. Ultrastructural localization of cell surface sugar residues in ericoid mycorrhizal fungi by gold-labelled lectins. Protoplasma 139:25-35
Bonfante-Fasolo P, Vian B, Perotto S, Faccio A, Knox JP 1990. Cellulose and pectin localization in roots of Allium porrum: labelling continuity between host cell walls and interfacial material. Planta 180:537-547
Bonfante P, Perotto S 1995. Strategies of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi when infecting host plants. Tansley Review No 82. New Phytol 130:3-21
Bonfante P, Genre A, Faccio A et al. 2000. The Lotus japonicus LjSym4 gene is required for successful symbiotic infection of root epidermal cells. MPMI 13:1109-1120
Bonfante P, Genre A 2008. Plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: an evolutionary-developmental perspective. Trends in Plant Science 13:492-498
Bonfante P, Anca I-A 2009. Plants, mycorrhizal fungi, and bacteria: a network of interactions. Annu Rev Microbiol 63:363-383
Bonito G et mult. 2013. Historical biogeography and diversification of truffles in the Tuberaceae and their newly identified southern hemisphere sister lineage. PLOS ONE 8:e52765
Botton B, Chalot M 1995. Nitrogen assimilation: enzymology in ectomycorrhizas. In: Mycorrhiza. Structure, Function, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Varma A, Hock B (ed.), pp. 325-363, Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Bougher NL, Tommerup IC, Malajczuk N 1993. Broad variation in development and mature basidiome morphology of ectomycorrhizal fungus Hydnangium sublamellatum sp. nov. bridges morphologically based generic concepts of Hydnangium, Podohydnagium and Laccaria. Mycol Res 97:613-619
Bougher NL, Tommerup IC 1996. Conservation significance of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Western Australia: their co-evolution with indigenous vascular plants and animals. In: SD Hopper et al. (eds), Gondwanan Heritage: Past, Present and Future of the Western Australia Biota. Surry Beatty & Sons, Chipping Norton, Australia, pp 299-308
Bougoure J, Ludwig M, Brundrett M, Grierson P 2009. Identity and specificity of the fungi forming mycorrhizas with the rare mycoheterotrophic orchid Rhizanthella gardneri. Mycol Res 113:1097e1106
Bougoure JJ, Brundrett M, Grierson P 2010. Carbon and nitrogen supply to the underground orchid, Rhizanthella gardneri. New Phytol 186:947-956
Boullard B 1979. Considerations sur la symbiose fongique chez les Pteridophytes. Syllogeus 19:1-59
Brand F 1992. Mixed associations of fungi in ectomycorrhizal roots. In: Read DJ, Lewis DH, Fitter AH, Alexander IJ (eds.) Mycorrhizas in Ecosystems, CAB International, Wallingford, pp 142-147
Breuillin, F., et al. 2010. Phosphate systemically inhibits development of arbuscular mycorrhiza in Petunia hybrida and represses genes involved in mycorrhizal functioning. Plant J. 64:1002–1017
Brundrett M, Piché Y, Peterson RL 1984. A new method for observing the morphology of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae. Can J Bot 62:2128-2134
Brundrett M, Piché Y, Peterson RL 1985. A developmental study of the early stages in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza formation. Can J Bot 63:184-194
Brundrett M, Enstone DE, Peterson CA 1988. A Berberine-Aniline Blue fluorescent staining procedure for suberin, lignin, and callose in plant tissue. Protoplasma 146:133-142
Brundrett M, Bougher N, Dell B, Grove TS, Malajczuk N 1996. Working with mycorrhizas in forestry and agriculture. Australien Center for International Agricultural Research. http://aciar.gov.au/search/apachesolresearch/mycorrhiza
Brundrett MC 2009. Mycorrhizal associations and other means of nutrition of vascular plants: understanding the global diversity of host plants by resolving conflicting information and developing reliable means of diagnosis. Plant and Soil 320:37-77
Brunner I, Scheidegger C 1992. Ontogeny of synthesized Picea abies (L.) Karst.- Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull. ex St Amans) Quél. ectomycorrhizas. New Phytol 120:359-369
Bruns TD, Fogel R, White TJ, Palmer JD 1989. Accelerated evolution of a false-truffle from a mushroom ancester. Nature 339:140-142
Bruns TD, Bidartondo MI, Taylor DL 2002. Host specificity in ectomycorrhizal communities: what do the exceptions tell us? Integrative and Comparative Biology 42:352-359
Brust D, Hamann A, Osiewacz HD 2009. Apoptosis in fungal development and ageing. The Mycota, Vol. 15, Physiology and Genetics. Ed. by T. Anke & D. Weber; Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 63-78
Bryan JA, Berlyn GP, Gordon JC 1996. Toward a new concept of the evolution of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in the Leguminosae. Plant and Soil 186:151-159
Bubner B 2012. Host specificity and biodiversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in pure and mixed stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Dissertation, Cottbus 2013
Bücking H, Beckmann S, Heyser W, Kottke K 1998. Elemental contents in vacuolar granules of ectomycorrhizal fungi measured by EELS and EDXS. A comparison of different methods and preparation techniques. Micron 29:53-61
Bücking H, Heyser W 2001. Microautoradiographic localization of phosphate and carbohydrates in mycorrhizal roots of Populus tremula x Populus alba and the implication for transfer processes in ectomycorrhizal associations. Tree Physiol 21:101-107
Bücking H, Shachar-Hill Y 2005. Phosphate uptake, transport and transfer by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices is stimulated by increased carbohydrate availability. New Phytol 165:899–912
Bücking H, Kafle A 2015. Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the nitrogen uptake of plants: current knowledge and research gaps. Agronomy 5:587-612
Burgeff H 1936. Samenkeimung der Orchideen und Entwicklung ihrer Keimpflanzen. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 312 Seiten
Burgeff H 1938. Mycorrhiza. In: Fr. Verdoorn (ed.) Manual of Pteridology. Martius Nijhoff, The Hague, pp 159-191
Burgess T, Dell B, Malajczuk N 1996. In vitro synthesis of Pisolithus-Eucalyptus ectomycorrhizae: synchronization of lateral tip emergence and ectomycorrhizal development. Mycorrhiza 6:189-196
Caldwell BA, Castellano MA, Griffith RP 1991. Fatty acid esterase production by ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycologia 83:233-236
Cameron DD, Leake JR, Read DJ 2006. Mutualistic mycorrhiza in orchids: evidence from plant-fungus carbon and nitrogen transfer in the green-leaved terrestrial orchid Goodyera repens. New Phytol. 171: 405-416
Cameron DD, Johnson I, Read DJ, Leake JR 2008. Giving and receiving: measuring the carbon cost of mycorrhizas in the green orchid, Goodyera repens. New Phytol 180: 176-184
Cameron DD, Neal AL, van Wees SC, Ton J 2013. Mycorrhiza-induced resistance: more than the sum of its parts? Trends Plant Sci 18:539-545
Carafa A, Duckett JG, Ligrone R 2003. Subterranean gametophytic axes in the primitive liverwort Haplomitrium harbour a unique type of endophytic association with aseptate fungi. New Phytol 160:185-197
Carey AB, Colgan W, Trappe JM, Molina R 2002. Effects of forest management on truffle abundance and squirrel diets. Northwest Science 76:148-157
Casarrubia S et mult. 2018. The hydrophobin-like OmSSP1 may be an effector in the ericoid mycorrhizal symbiosis. Frontiers in Plant Science 9:546
Cázares E, Trappe JM 1993. Vesicular endophytes in roots of the Pinaceae. Mycorrhiza 2:153-156
Cázares E, Trappe JM 1994. Spore dispersal of ectomycorrhizal fungi on a glacier forefront by mammal mycophagy. Mycologia 86:507-510
Chabot S, Bécard G, Piché Y 1992. Live cycle of Glomus intraradix in root organ culture. Mycologia 84:315-321
Chagnon P-L, Bradley RL, Klironomos JN 2012. Using ecological network theory to evaluate the causes and consequences of arbuscular mycorrhizal community structure. New Phytol 194:307-312
Chagnon P-L, Bradley RL, Maherali H, Klironomos JN 2013. A trait-based framework to understand life history of mycorrhizal fungi. Trends in Plant Science 18:484-491
Chalot M, Brun A 1998. Physiology of organic nitrogen acquisition by ectomycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizas. Microbiol Reviews 22:21–44
Chalot M, Blaudenz D, Brun A 2006. Ammonia: a candidate for nitrogen transfer at the mycorrhizal interface. Trends in Plant Science 11:263-266
Chang Y et mult. 2019. Phylogenomics of Endogonaceae and evolution of mycorrhizas within Mucoromycota. New Phytol 222:511-525
Chapela IH, Osher LJ, Horton TR, Henn MR 2001. Ectomycorrhizal fungi introduced with exotic pine plantations induce soil carbon depletion. Soil Biology Biochemistry 33:1733-1740
Chen DM, Taylor AF, Burke RM, Cairney JW 2001. Identification of genes for lignin peroxidases and manganese peroxidases in ectomycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 152:151–158
Chen DM, Bastias BA, Taylor AF, Cairney JW 2003. Identification of laccase-like genes in ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes and transcriptional regulation by nitrogen in Piloderma byssinum. New Phytol 157:547–554
Chen C, Fan C, Gao M, Zhu M 2009. Antiquity and function of CASTOR and POLLUX, the twin Ion channel-encoding genes key to the evolution of root symbioses in plants. Plant Physiol 149:306–317
Chilvers GA, Pryor LD 1965. The structure of eucalypt mycorrhizas. Aust. J. Bot.13, 245
Chilvers GA; Lapeyrie FF, Horan DP 1987. Ectomycorrhizal vs endomycorrhizal fungi within the same root system. New Phytol 107:441-448
Chu-Chou M, Grace L 1979. Endogone flammicorona as a mycorrhizal symbiont of Douglas fir in New Zealand. New Zealand J Forest Science 9:344-347
Claridge AW, Castellano MA, Trappe JM 1996. Fungi as a food resource for mammals in Australia. In: Mallet K, Grgurinovic C (eds) Fungi of Australia, 1, Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra, pp 239-268
Claridge AW, Barry SC, Cork SJ, Trappe JM 2000. Diversity and habitat relationships of hypogeous fungi. II. Factors influencing the occurrence and number of taxa. Biodiversity and Conservation 9:175-199
Clarke Kj, McCully ME, Miki NK 1979. A developmental study of the epidermis of young roots of Zea mays. Protoplasma 98:283-309
Clemmensen KE, Bahr A, Ovaskainen O, Dahlberg A, Ekblad A, Wallander H, Stenlid J, Finlay RD, Wardle DA, Lindahl BD 2013. Roots and associated fungi drive long-term carbon sequestration. Science 339:1615-1618
Clemmensen KE, Finlay RD, Dahlberg A, Stenlind J, Wardle DA, Lindahl BD 2015. Carbon sequestration is related to fungal community shifts during long-term succession in boreal forests. New Phytol 205:1525-1536
Clowes FA 1951. The structure of mycorrhizal roots of Fagus sylvatica. New Phytol 50:1-15
Cole L, Orlovich DA, Ashford A 1998. Structure, function, and motility of vacuoles in filamentous fungi. Fungal Genetics Biology 24:86-100
Colpaert JV, Van Asche JA 1987. Heavy metal tolerance in some ectomycorrhizal fungi. Functional Ecol 1:415-421
Colpaert JV, Laere AV 1996. A comparison of the extracellular enzyme activities of two ectomycorrhizal and a leaf-saprotrophic basidiomycete colonizing beech leaf litter. New Phytol 133:133-141
Conrath et mult. 2006. Priming: Getting ready for battle. Molec Plant-Microbe Interact 19:1062-1071
Cooper Km, Tinker PB 1981. Translocation and transfer of nutrients in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. IV. Effect of environmental variables on movement of phosphorus. New Phytol 88:327-339
Corrales A, Mangan SA, Turner BL, Dalling JW 2016. An ectomycorrhizal nitrogen economy facilitates monodominance in a neotropical forest. Ecology Letters 19:383-392
Courty PE, Pritsch K, Schloter M, Hartmann A, Garbaye J 2005. Activity profiling of ectomycorrhiza communities in two forest soils using multiple enzymatic tests. New Phytol 167:309–319
Courty PE, Walder F, Boller T, Ineichen K, Wiemken A, Rousteau A, Selosse MA 2011. Carbon and nitrogen metabolism in mycorrhizal networks and mycoheterotrophic plants of tropical forests: a stable isotope analysis. Plant Physiol 156:952-961
Cox CJ, Blaise L, Foster PJ, Embley TM, Civáň P 2014. Conflicting phylogenies for early land plants are caused by composition biases among synonymous substitutions. Systematic Biology 63:272-279
Croll D et mult. 2008. Genetic diversity and host plant preferences revealed by simple sequence repeats and mitochondrial markers in a population of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. New Phytol 178:672-678
Croll D, Giovannetti M, Koch AM, Sbrana C, Ehinger M, Lammers PJ, Sanders IR. 2009. Nonself vegetative fusion and genetic exchange in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. New Phytol 181:924–937
Crowe JH 2007. Trehalose as a “chemical chaperon”: fact and fantasy. Advances Exper Medical Biol 594:143-158
Cruz C et mult. 2007. Enzymatic evidence for the key role of Arginin in nitrogen translocation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Physiol 144:782–792
Cruz D, Suárez JP, Kottke I, Piepenbring M 2014. Cryptic species revealed by molecular phylogenetic analysis of sequences obtained from basidiomata of Tulasnella. Mycologia 106:708-722
Cuenca G, de Andrade Z, Lovera M et al. 2002. The use of mycorrhizal native shrubs in the rehabilitation of degraded areas from La Gran Sabana, Bolivar State, Venezuela. Interciecia 27:165 ff
Cumming JR, Weinstein LH 1990. Aluminium-mycorrhizal interactions in the physiology of pitch pine seedlings. Plant and Soil 125:7-18
Currah RS, Zelmer CD, Hambleton S 1997. Fungi from orchid mycorrhizas. In: J. Arditti and AM Pridgeon (eds.) Orchid Biology: Reviews and Perspectives, VII, pp 118-170, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London
Daher Z, Recorbet G, et mult. 2017. Changes in plastid proteome and structure in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots display a nutrient starvation signature. Physiologia Plantarum 159:13-29
Davison J, Moora M, Öpik M et al. 2015. Global assessment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus diversity reveals very low endemism. Science 349:970-973
Dawson TE, Mambelli S, Plamboeck AH, Templer PH, Tu KP 2002. Stable isotopes in plant ecology. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 33:507-559
Debaud JC, Pepin R, Bruchet G 1981. Etude des ectomycorhizes de Dryas octopetala. Obtention de synthèses mycorhiziennes et de carpophores d'Hebeloma alpinum et H. marginatulum. Can J Bot 59:1014-1020
Debaud JC, Marmeise R, Gay G 1995. Intraspecific genetic variation in ectomycorrhizal fungi. In: A. Varma, B. Hock (eds.) Mycorrhiza, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 79-113
De Bary A 1879. Die Erscheinung der Symbiose. Karl J. Trübner Verlag
De Beeck MO, Troein C, Peterson C, Persson P, Tunlid A 2018. Fenton reaktion facilitates organic nitrogen aquisition by an ectomycorrhizal fungus. New Phytol 218:335-343
Delaux P-M et al. 2012. Origin of strigolactones in the green lineage. New Phytol 195:857–871; doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04209.x
Delaux P-M, Séjalon-Delmas N, Bécard G, Ané JM 2013. Evolution of the plant-microbe symbiotic “toolkit”. Trends Plant Sci 18:298-304
Delaux P-M, Varala K, Edger P, Coruzzi GM, Pires JC, Ané JM 2014. Comparative phylogenomics uncovers the impact of symbiotic associations on host genome evolution. PLOS Genetics 10 (7) e1004487
Delevoryas T, Hope RC 1987. Further observations on the late Triassic conifers Compsostrobus neotericus and Voltzia andrewsii. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 51:59-64
Dennis C, Webster J 1971. Antagonistic properties of species-groups of Trichoderma. I. Production of non-volatile antibiotics. Trans Br Mycol Soc 57:25-39
Desirò A, Duckett GD, Pressel S, Villareal JC, Bidartondo MI 2013. Fungal symbioses in hornworts: a chequered history. Proc Roy Soc B 280:20130207
Desirò A et mult. 2014. Detection of a novel intracellular microbiome hosted in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. ISME Journal 8:257-270
Desirò A, Faccia A, Kaech A, Bidartondo MI, Bonfante P 2015. Endogone, one of the oldest plant-associated fungi, host unique Mollicutes-related endobacteria. New Phytol 205:1464-1472
Desirò A, Rimington WR, Jacob A et al. 2017. Multigene phylogeny of Endogonales, an early diverging lineage of fungi associated with plants. IMA FUNGUS 8:245-257
de Souza FA, Declerck S 2003. Mycelium development and architecture, and spore production of Scutellosora reticulata in monoxenic culture with Ri T-DNA transformed carrot roots. Mycologia 95:1004-1012
Deveau A, Kohler A, Frey-Klett P, Martin F 2008. The major pathways of carbohydrate metabolism in the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor S238. New Phytol 180:79–390
Dexheimer J, Gérard J, Lecuc JP, Chevalier G 1985. Étude ultrastructurale comparée des associations symbiothiques mycorhiziennes Helianthemum salicifolium – Terfezia claveryi et Helianthemum salicifolium – Terfezia leptoderma. Can J Bot 63:582-591
Dexheimer J, Gérard J, Ayatti H, Ghanbaja J 1996. Etude l'origine et de la répartition des granules vacuolaires dans les hyphes d'une endomycorhize à vésicules et arbuscules. Acta bot. Gallica 143:167-180
Dickie IA, Guza RC, Krazewski SE, Reich PB 2004. Shared ectomycorrhizal fungi between a herbaceous perennial (Helianthemum bicknellii) and oak (Quercus) seedlings. New Phytol 164:375-382
Diédhiou AG, Selosse MA, Galiana A et al. 2010. Multi-host ectomycorrhizal fungi are predominant in a Guinean tropical rainforest and shared between canopy trees and seedlings. Environ Microbiol 12:2219-2232
Díez J, Anta B, Manjon JL, Honrubia M 2001. Genetic variability of Pisolithus isolates with native hosts and exotic eucalyptus in the western Mediterranian region. New Phytol 149:577-587
Díez J 2005. Invasion biology of ectomycorrhizal fungi introduced with eucalypt plantations into the Iberian Peninsula. Biological Invasions 7:3–15
Dietz S, von Bülow J, Beitz E, Nehls U 2011. The aquaporin gene family of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor: lessons for symbiotic functions. New Phytol 190:927–940
Dhillon SS 1993. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas in Equisetum species in Norway and the USA: occurrence and mycotrophy. Mycol Res 97:656-660
Dijkstra FA, Cheng WX 2007. Interactions between soil and tree roots accelerate long-term soil carbon decomposition. Ecol Lett 10:1046–1053
Ditengou FA, Raudaskoski M, Lapeyrie F 2003. Hypophorine, an indole-3-acetic acid antagonist delivered by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius, induces reorganistion of actin and the microtubule cytoskeleton in Eucalyptus globulus ssp bicostata root hairs. Planta 218:217-225
Domsch K, Gams W, Anderson T 1980. Compendium of Soil Fungi. Vol. I & 2; Academic Press, London
Dotzler N, Krings M, Taylor N, Agerer R 2006. Germination shields in Scutellospora (Glomeromycota: Diversisporales, Gigasporaceae) from the 400 million-year-old Rhynie chert. Mycol Prog 5:178-184
Dotzler N, Walker C, Krings M, Hass H, Kerp H, Taylor TN, Agerer R 2009. Acaulosporoid glomeromycotan spores with a germination shield from the 400-million-year-old Rhynie chert. Mycol Progress 8:9-18
Doyle JJ 2011. Phylogenetic perspectives on the origins of nodulation. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 24:1289–1295
Duckett JG, Read DJ 1991. The use of the fluorecent dye, 3,3'-dihexylcarbocyanine iodide, for selective staining of ascomycte fungi associated with liverwort rhizoids and ericoid roots. New Phytol. 118: 259-272
Duckett JG, Renzaglia KS, Pell K 1991. A light and electron microscope study of rhizoid-ascomycete associations and flagelliform axes in British hepatics with observations on the effects of the fungi on host morphology. New Phytol 118:233-257
Duckett JG, Read DJ 1995. Ericoid mycorrhizas and rhizoid-ascomycete associations in liverworts share the same mycobiont: isolation of the partners and resynthesis of the assocations in vitro. New Phytol 129:439-447
Duckett JG, Carafa A, Ligrone R 2006. A highly differentiated Glomerocotan association with the mucilage-secreting, primitive Antipodean liverwort Treubia (Treubiaceae): Clues to the origins of mycorrhizas. Am J Bot 93:797-813
Duckett JG, Russell J, Ligrone R 2006b. Basidiomycetous endophytes in jungermannialean (leafy) liverwortes have novel cytology ans species-specific host ranges: a cytological and experimental study. Can J Bot 84:1075-1093
Ducousso M, Béna G, Bougois C, Buyck B, Eyssartier G, Vincelette M, Rabevohitra R, Randrihasipapa L, Dreyfus B, Prin Y 2004. The last common ancestor of Sarcolaenaceae and Asian dipterocarp trees was ectomycorrhizal before the India–Madagascar separation, about 88 million years ago. Molec Ecol 13:231-236
Ducousso M et mult. 2008. Mycorrhizal status of native trees and shrubs from eastern Madagascar littoral forests with special emphasis on the new ectomycorrhizal family, the Asteropeiaceae. New Phytol 178:233-238
Ducousso M, Duponnois R, Thoen D, Prin Y 2012. Diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Eucalyptus in Africa and Madagascar. Intern J Forestry Res, Article ID 450715, 10 pages
Duddridge J; Read DJ 1982. An ultrastructural analysis of the development of mycorrhizas in Rhododendron ponticum. Can J Bot 60:2345-2356
Duhoux E, Rinauld G, Diem HG et al. 2001. Angiosperm Gymnostoma trees produce root nudules colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi related to Glomus. New Phytol 149:115-125
Duponnois R, Grabaye J 1991. Effect of dual inoculation of Douglas fir with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria laccata and mycorrhization helper bacteria (MHB) in two bare-root forest nurseries. Plant Soil 138:169-176
Dyer S 2002. Hydrophobins in the lichen symbiosis. New Phytol 154:1-14
Egger KN, Sigler L 1993. Relatedness of the ericoid endophytes Scytalidium vaccinii and Hymenoscyphus ericae inferred from analysis of ribosomal DNA. Mycologia 85:219-230
Engelander L, Hull RJ 1980. Reciprocal transfer of nutrients between ericaceous plants and a Clavaria sp. New Phytol 84:661-667
Erős-Honti Z, Kovács GM, Szedlay G, Jakucs E 2008. Morphological and molecular characterization of Humaria and Genea ectomycorrhizae from Hungarian deciduous forests. Mycorrhiza 18:133–143
Evans DG, Miller MH 1988. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorhizas and the soil-disturbance-induced reduction of nutrient absorption in maize. New Phytol 110:67-74
Ezawa T, Hayatsu M, Saito M 2005. A new hypothesis on the strategy for acquisition of phosphorus in arbuscular mycorrhiza: up-regulation of secreted acid phosphatase gene in the host plant. Molecular Plant–Microbe Interactions 18:1046–1053
Fajardo López M, Männer P, Willmann A, Hampp R, Nehls U 2007. Increased trehalose synthesis in Hartig net hyphae of ectomycorrhizas. New Phytol 174:389-398
Fassi B 1965. Micorrize ectotrofiche di Pinus strobus L. prodotte da un'Endogone, (Endogone lactiflua Berk.) Allionia 11:7-15
Fassi B, Moser M 1991. Mycorrhizae in the natural forests of tropical Africa and the neotropics. In: Fontana A. (ed) Fungi, plants and soil. Torino, pp. 157-202
Feil W, Kottke I, Oberwinkler F 1988. The effect of drought on mycorrhizal production and very fine root system development of Norway spruce under natural and experimental conditions. Plant and Soil 108:221-231
Feldmann F 1998. The strain-inherent variability of arbuscular mycorrhizal effectiveness: II. Effectiveness of single spores. Sybiosis 25:131-143
Feldmann F, Boyle C 1999. Weed-mediated stability of arbuscular mycorrhizal effectiveness in maize monocultures. J Applied Bot 73:1-5
Fellbaum CR, Gachomoa EW, Beesetty Y, Choudhari S, Strahan GD, Pfeffer PE, Kiers ED, Bücking H 2012. Carbon availability triggers fungal nitrogen uptake and transport in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. PNAS 109:2666–2671
Field KJ et mult. 2014. First evidence of mutualism between ancient plant lineages (Haplomitriopsida liverworts) and Mucoromycotina fungi and its response to simulated Palaeozoic changes in atmospheric CO2. New Phytol 205:743-756
Field K, Leake JR, Tille S, Allison KE et al. 2015. From mycoheterotrophy to mutualism: mycorrhizal specificity and functioning in Ophioglossum vulgatum sporophytes. New Phytol 205:1492-1502
Finlay RD, Read DJ 1986a. The structure and function of the vegetative mycelium of ectomycorrhizal plants. I. Translocation of 14C-labelled carbon between plants interconnected by a common mycelium. New Phytol 103:143-156
Finlay RD, Read DJ 1986b. The structure and function of the vegetative mycelium of ectomycorrhizal plants. II. The uptake and distribution of phosphorus by mycelial strands interconnecting host plants. New Phytol 103:157-165
Finlay R, Frostegard A, Sonnerfeldt AM 1992. Utilization of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources by ectomycorrhizal fungi in pure culture and in symbiosis with Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. New Phytol 120:105-115
Floudas D et mult. 2012. The paleozoic origin of enzymatic lignin decomposition reconstructed from 31 fungal genomes. Science 336:1715-1719
Fochi V, Chitarra W, Kohler A, Voyron S, Singan VS, Lindquist EA, Barry K, Girlanda M, Grigoriev IV, Martin F, Balestrini R, Perotto S 2017. Fungal and plant gene expresson in the Tulasnella calospora-Serapias vomeracea symbiosis provides clues about nitrogen pathways in orchid mycorrhizas. New Phytol 213:365-379
Fodor E 2013. Linking biodiversity to mutualistic networks - woody species and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Ann For Res 56:53-78
Fontaine C, Guimarães PR Jr, Kéfi S, Loeuille N, Memmott J, van der Putten WH, van Veen FJ, Thébault E 2011. The ecological and evolutionary implications of merging different types of networks. Review and Synthesis. Ecology Letters 14:1170–1181
Fontana A, Giovanetti G 1979. Simbiosi micorrizica fra Cistus incanus L. ssp incanus e Tuber melansporum Vitt. Allionia 23:5-11
Fortin JA, Bécard G, Declerck S, Dalpé Y, St-Arnaud M, Coughlan AP, Piché Y 2002. Arbuscular mycorrhiza on root-organ cultures. Can J Bot 80:1-20
Francis R, Finlay RD, Read DJ 1986. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in natural vegetation systems. IV. Transfer of nutrients in inter- and intra-specific combinations of host plants. New Phytol 102:103-111
Francis R, Read DJ 1995. Mutualism and antagonism in the mycorrhizal symbiosis, with special reference to impacts on plant community structure. Can J Bot 73 (Suppl. 1):S1301-S1309
Frank B 1885. Über die auf Wurzelsymbiose beruhende Ernährung gewisser Bäume durch unterirdische Pilze. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 3:128-145
Franklin O, Näsholm T, Högberg P, Högberg M 2014. Forests trapped in nitrogen limitation – an ecological market perspective on ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. New Phytol 203: 657–666
Freudenstein JV, van den Berg C, Goldman DH, Kores PJ, Molvray M, Chase MW 2004. An expanden plastid DNA phylogeny of Orchidaceae and analysis of jacknife branch support strategy. Am J Bot 91:149–157
Frey B, Buser HR, Schüepp H 1992. Identification of ergosterol in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae. Biol Fertil Soils 13:229-234
Frey B, Brunner I, Walther P, Scheidegger C, Zierold K 1997. Element localization in ultrathin cryosections of high-pressure frozen ectomycorrhizal spruce roots. Plant, Cell and Environment 20:929-937
Frey-Klett P, Chavatte M, Clausse M-L, Courrier S, Le Roux C, Raaijmaker J, Martinotti MG, Pierrat J-C, Garbaye J 2005. Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis affects functional diversity of rhizosphere fluorescent pseudomads. New Phytol 165:317-328
Frey-Klett P, Garbaye J, Tarkka M 2007. The mycorrhizal helper bacteria revisited. Tansley review. New Phytol 176:22-36
Fusconi A, Bonfante-Fasolo P 1984. Ultrastructural aspects of host-endophyte relationships in Arbutus unedo L. mycorrhizas. New Phytol 96:397-410
Gallaud I 1905. Etudes sur les mycorhizes endotrophes. Revue Générale de Botanique 17:5-48, 66-83, 123-135, 223-239, 313-325, 425-433, 479-500
Gange AC, Lindsay DE, Ellis LS 1999. Can arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi be used to control the undesirable grass Poa annua on golf courses? J Applied Ecol 36:909-919
Gange AC, Bower E, Stagg PG, Gillam AE, Bracken M 1999a. A comparison of visualization techniques for recording arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. New Phytol 142:123-132
Gao LL, Delp G, Smith SE 2001. Colonization patterns in a mycorrhiza-defective mutant tomato vary with different arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 151:477-491
Gao Q, Yang ZL 2010. Ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with two species of Kobresia in an alpine meadow in the eastern Himalaya. Mycorrhiza 20:281-287
Garbaye J 1986. La production rapide de plants feuillus sur tourbe fertilisée: les bases de la technique. Rev For Fr 36:231-219
Garbaye J 1994. Helper bacteria: a new dimension to the mycorrhizal symbiosis. Tansley Review 76. new Phytol 128:197-210
Garbaye J, Churin JL 1997. Growth stimulation of young oak plantations inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus with special reference to summer drought. Forest Ecology and Management 98:221-228
Garbaye J 2013. La symbiose mycorrhizienne. Une association entre les plantes et les champignons. Édition Quae, Versailles, ISBN 978-2-7592-1964-3
Garcia K, Delaux PM, Cope KR, Ané JM 2015. Molecular signals required for the establishment and maintenance of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. New Phytol 208:79-87
Gardes M, Dahlberg A 1996. Mycorrhizal diversity in arctic and alpine tundra: an open question. New Phytol 133:147-157
Garriock L, Peterson RL, Ackerley CA 1989. Early stages in colonization of Allium porrum (leek) roots by the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus versiforme. New Phytol 112:85-92
Gebauer G, Meyer M 2003. 15N and 13C natural abundance studies of autotrophic and myco-heterotrophic orchids provides insight into nitrogen and carbon gain from fungal associations. New Phytol 160:209-223
Gebauer G, Preiss K, Gebauer AC 2016. Partial mycoheterotrophy is more widespread among orchids than previously assumed. New Phytol 211:11-25
Gebhardt S, Wöllecke J, Münzenberger B 2009. Microscale spatial distribution patterns of red oak (Quercus rusbra L.) ectomycorrhizae. Mycol Progress 8:245-257
Gehrig H, Schüßler A, Kluge M 1996. Geosiphon pyriforme, a fungus forming endocytobiosis with Nostoc (Cyanobacteria), is an ancestral member of the Glomales: evidence by SSU rRNA analysis. J Molecular Evolution 43:71-81
Gehring CA, Wolf JE, Theimer TC 2002. Terrestrial vertebrates promote arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity and inoculum potential in a rain forest soil. Ecology Letters 5:540-528
Geiser MG et al. 2006. Eurotiomycetes: Eurotiomycetidae und Chaetothyriomycetidae. Mycologia 98:1053-1064
Genney DR, Anderson IC, Alexander IJ 2006. Fine-scale distribution of pine ectomycorrhizas and their extramatrical mycelium. New Phytol 170:381–390
Genre A, Chabaud M, Timmers T, Bonfante P, Barker DG 2005. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi elicit a novel intracellular apparatus in Medicago truncatula root epidermal cells before infection. The Plant Cell 17: 3489-3499
Genre A, Chabaud M, Faccio A, Barker DG, Bonfante P 2008. Prepenetration apparatus assembly precedes and predicts the colonization patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi within the root cortex of both Medicago truncatula and Daucus carota. The Plant Cell 20:1407–1420
Gerdemann J, Nicolson TH 1963. Spores of mycorrhizal Endogone species extracted from soil by wet sieving and decanting. Trans Brit Mycol Soc 46:235-244
George E, Römheld V, Marschner H 1994. Contribution of mycorrhizal fungi to micronutrient uptake by plants. In: Manthey JA, Crowley DE, Luster DG (eds.) Biochemistry of Metal Micronutrients in the Rhizosphere. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, London, Tokyo, pp. 93-109
Gherbi H, Delaruelle C, Selosse M-A, Martin F 1999. High genetic diversity in a population of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria amethystina in a 150-year-old beech forest. Molecular Ecol 8:2003-2013
Gherbi H, Markman K, Svistoonoff S, Estavan J, Austran D, Giczey G, Auguy F, Péret B, Laplaze L, Franche C, Parniske M, Bogusz D 2008. SymRK defines a common genetic basis for plant root endosymbioses with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi, rhizobia, and Frankia bacteria. PNAS 105:4928-4932
Ghignone S, Salvioli A, Anca J, Lumini E, Ortu G, Petiti L, Cruveiler S. et al. 2012. The genome of an obligate endobacterium of an AM fungus reveals an interphylum network of nutritional interactions. ISME J 6:136-145
Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Bonfante-Fasolo P, Dexheimer J 1986. Ultrastructural studies of surface interactions during adhesion and infection by ericoid endomycorrhizal fungi. In: Lugtenberg B (ed) Recognition in microbe-plant symbiotic and pathogenic interactions. NATO ASI Series vol H4, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 273-282
Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Smith SE, Gianinazzi S, Smith FA 1991. Enzymatic studies on the metabolism of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. V. Is H+-ATPase a component of ATP-hydrolysing enzyme activities in plant-fungus interfaces? New Phytol 117:61-74
Gianinazzi-Pearsson V, Dénarié J 1997. Red carpet genetic programmes for root endosymbiosis. Trends Plant Sci 2:371-372.
Gilarranz LJ, Pastor JM, Galeano J 2012. The architecture of weighted mutualistic networks. Oikos 121: 1154–1162, doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19592.x
Giovannetti M, Sbrana C, Avio L, Citernesi AS, Logi C 1993. Differential hyphal morphogenesis in arbuscular fungi during pre-infection stages. New Phytol 125:587-593
Giovannetti M, Avio L, Fortuna P, Pellegrino E, Sbrana C, Strani P 2006. At the root of the wood wide web. Self recognition and non-self incompatibility in mycorrhizal networks. Review. Plant Signalling & Behaviour 1:1-5
Giovannetti M, Avio L, Sbrana C 2010. Fungal spore germination and pre-symbiotic mycelial growth – Physiological and genetic aspects. In: Koltai H, Kapulnik Y (eds.) Arbuscular Mycorrhizas: Physiology and Function. Springer, Dordrecht u. a., S. 3-32
Givnish TJ et mult. 2015. Orchid phylogenomics and multiple drivers of the extraordinary diversification. Proc Roy Soc B 282: 20151553
Gomez SK et mult. 2009. Medicago truncatula and Glomus intraradices gene expression in cortical cells harboring arbuscules in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. BMC Plant Biology 9:10
González D, Rodriguez-Carres M, Boekhout T, Stalpers J, Kuramae EE, Nakatani AK, et al. 2016. Phylogenetic relationships of Rhizoctonia fungi within the Cantharellales. Fungal Biology 120:603–619
Gough C, Bécard G 2017. Strigolactones and lipo-chitooligosaccharides as molecular communication signals in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. In: Martin F (ed) Molecular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, pp 107-123
Gradstein SR, Churchill SP, Salazar-Allen N 2001. Guide to the Bryophytes of Tropical America. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, Vol 86, The New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, New York
Graham JH, Hodge NC, Morton JB 1995. Fatty acid methyl ester profiles for characterization of glomaean fungi and their endomycorrhizae. Applied Environmental Microbiol 61:58-64
Graves JD, Watkins NH, Fitter AH, Robinson D, Scrimgeour C 1997. Intraspecific transfer of carbon between plants linked by a common mycorrhizal network. Plant Soil 192:153-159
Grelet GA, Johnson D, Paterson E, Anderson IC, Alexander IJ 2009. Reciprocal carbon and nitrogen transfer between an ericaceous dwarf shrub and fungi isolated from Piceirhiza bicolorata ectomycorrhizas. New Phytol 182:359-366
Guehl JM, Mousain D, Falconnet G, Gruez J 1990. Growth, carbon dioxide assimilation capacity and water-use efficiency of Pinus pinea L. seedlings inoculated with different ectomycorrhizal fungi. Ann Sci For 47:91-100
Guether M, Neuhäuser B, Balestrini R, Dynowski M, Ludewig U, Bonfante P 2009. A mycorrhizal-specific ammonium transporter from Lotus japonicus acquires nitrogen released by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Physiol 150:73–83
Guether M, Balestrini R, Hannah M, He J, Udvardi MK, Bonfante P 2009. Genome-wide reprogramming of regulatory networks, transport, cell wall and membrane biogenesis during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in Lotus japonicus. New Phytol 182:200–212
Güimil S et mult. 2005. Comparative transcriptomics of rice reveals an ancient pattern of presponse to microbial colonization. PNAS 102:8066-8070
Guillite O, Melin J, Wallberg L 1994. Biological pathways of radionucleotides originating from the Chernobyl fallout in a boreal forest ecosystem. Science of the total environment 157:207-215
Guillot J, Gilloant M, Damez M, Dusser M 1994. Involvement of fungal lectins in recognition between mushroom and tree during early stages of mycorrhizae formation. Acta Botanica Gallica 141:443-447
Guillot J, Konska G 1997. Lectins in higher fungi. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 25:203-230
Guimarães Jr PR, Guimarães P 2006. Improving the analysis of nestedness for large sets of matrices. Environmental Modelling and Software 21:1512-1513
Guimarães Jr PR, Jordano P, Thompson JN 2011. Evolution and coevolution in mutualistic networks. Ecology Letters 14:877-885
Gunning BE, Pate J 1974. Transfer cells. In: Robards A.W ed. Dynamic aspects of plant ultrastructure. Mc Graw Hill, New York, pp: 441-480
Gutjahr C, Parniske M 2013. Cell and developmental biology of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Ann Rev Cell Dev Biol 29:593-617
Gyuricza V, Thiry Y, Wannijn J, Declerck S, de Boulois HD 2010a. Radiocesium transfer between Medicago truncatula plants via a common mycorrhizal network. Environmental Micobiol 12:2180-2189
Gyuricza V, Declerck S, de Boulois HD 2010b. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi decrease radiocesium accumulation in Medicago truncatula. J Environmental Radioactivity 101:591-596
Hacquard S, Tisserant E, Brun A, Legué V, Martin F, Kohler A 2013. Laser microdissection and microarray analysis of Tuber melanosporum ectomycorrhizas reveal functional heterogeneity between mantle and Hartig net compartments. Environmental Microbiol 15:1853–1869
Hall JL 2002. Cellular mechanisms for heavy metal detoxification and tolerance. J Eperimental Bot 53:1-11
Harley JL, Harley EL 1987. A check-list of mycorrhiza in the British flora. New Phytol 105 (supplement 2):1-102
Harrington TJ, Mitchell DT 2002. Characterization of Dryas octopetala ectomycorrhizas from limestone karst vegetation, western Ireland. Can J Bot 80:970-982
Harrison MJ, van Buuren Ml 1995. A phosphate transporter from the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme. Nature 378:626-629
Harrison MJ 1996. A sugar transporter from Medicago truncatula: Altered expression pattern in roots during vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal associations. Plant J 9:491-503
Harrison MJ, Dewbre GR, Liu J 2002. A phosphate transporter from Medicago truncatula involved in the acquisition of phosphate released by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The Plant Cell 14:2413-2429
Harrison M 2005. Signaling in the arbuscular symbiosis. Annual Review Microbiol 59:19-42
Hart MH, Reader RJ 2002. Taxonomic basis for variation in the colonization strategy of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phtyol 153:335-344
Haselwandter K, Dobernigg B, Beck W, Jung G, Cansier A, Winkelmann G 1992 Isolation and identification of hydroxamate siderophores of ericoid mycorrhizal fungi. BioMetals 5: 51-56
Haselwandter K, Winkelmann G 2002. Ferricrocin—an ectomycorrhizal siderophore of Cenococcum geophilum. BioMetals 15:73–77
Haselwandter K, Passler V, Reiter S, Schmid DG, Nicholson G, Hentschel P, Albert K, Winkelmann G 2006. Basidiochrome — a novel siderophore of the orchidaceous mycorrhizal fungi Ceratobasidium and Rhizoctoni spp. BioMetals 19:335–343
Hashimoto Y et mult. 2012. Mycoheterotrophic germination of Pyrola asarifolia dust seeds reveals convergences with germination in orchids. New Phytol 195:620–630
Hatakka A. 1994. Ligin-modifying enzymes from selected white-rot fungi –production and role in lignin degradation. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 13:125–135
Haug I, Kottke I, Oberwinkler F 1986. Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung von Mykorrhizen der Fichte (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) in Vertikalprofilen. Zeitschrift für Mykologie 52:373-392
Haug I, Oberwinkler F 1987. Some distinctive types of spruce mycorrhizae. Trees 1:172-188
Haug I, Lempe J, Homeier J , Weiß M, Setaro S, Oberwinkler F, Kottke I 2004. Graffenrieda emarginata (Melastomataceae) forms mycorrhizas with Glomeromycota and with a member of Hymenoscyphus ericae aggr. in the organic soil of a neotropical mountain rain forest. Can J Bot 82:340-356
Haug I, Weiß M, Homeier J, Oberwinkler F, Kottke I 2005. Russulaceae and Thelephoraceae form ectomycorrhizas with members of the Nyctaginaceae (Caryophyllales) in the tropical mountain rain forest of southern Ecuador. New Phytol 165:923-936
Haug I, Setaro S, Suárez JP 2013. Reforestation sites show similar and nested AMF communities to an adjacent pristine forest in a tropical mountain area of South Ecuador. PLoS ONE 8(5):e63524
Haug I, Setaro S, Suárez JP 2019. Species composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal communities changes with elevation in the Andes of South Ecuador. PLoS ONE 14(8): e0221091
Hause B, Fester T 2005. Molecular and cell biology of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Planta 221:184-196
Heinrichs J, Hentschel J, Wilson R, Feldberg K, Schneider H 2007. Evolution of leafy liverworts (Jungermanniidae, Marchantiophyta): estimating divergence times from chloroplat DNA sequences using penalized likelihood with integrated fossil evidence. Taxon 56:31-44
Helber N, Wippel K, Sauer N, Schaarschmidt S, Hause B, Requena N 2011. A versatile monosaccharide transporter that operates in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus sp. is crucial for the symbiotic relationship with plants. The Plant Cell 23:3812–3823
Helgason T, Merryweather JW, Denison J, Wilson P, Young JP, Fitter AH 2002. Selectivity and functional diversity in arbuscular mycorrhizas of co-occurring fungi and plants from a temperate deciduous woodland. J Ecology 90:371-384
Henkel TH, Terborgh J, Vilgalys RJ 2002. Ectomycorrhizal fungi and their leguminous hosts in the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana. Mycol Res 106:515-531
Henkel TW, Mayor JR, Woodley LP 2005. Mast fruiting and seedling survival of the ectomycorrhizal, monodominant Dicymbe corymbosa (Caesalpiniaceae) in Guyana. New Phytol 167:543-556
Henkes GJ, Kandeler E, Marhan S, Scheu S, Bonkowski M 2018. Interactions of mycorrhiza and protists in the rhizosphere systematically alter microbial composition, plant shoot-to-root ratio and within-root system nitrogen allocation. Frontiers Environmental Science 6:117
Herrera P, Suárez JP, Kottke I 2010. Orchids keep the ascomycetes outside: a highly diverse group of ascomycetes colonizing the velamen of epiphytic orchids from a tropical mountain rainforest in Southern Ecuador. Mycology 1:262–268
Herrmann S, Ritter T, Kottke I, Oberwinkler F 1992. Steigerung der Leistungsfähigkeit von Forstpflanzen (Fagus silvatica L. und Quercus robur L.) durch kontrollierte Mykorrhizierung. Allg Forst- u J-Ztg 163:72-79
Hetrick AD, Wilson GW, Cox TS 1993 Mycorrhizal dependence of modern wheat cultivar and ancestors: a sythesis. Can J Bot 71:512-518
Hibbett DS, Binder M 2002. Evolution of complex fruiting-body morphologies in homobasidiomycetes. Proc Roy Soc B 269:1963-1969
Hibbett DS et mult. 2007. A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the fungi. Mycological Research 111:509-547
Hibbett DS, Matheny P B 2009. The relative ages of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms and their plant hosts estimated using Bayesian relaxed molecular clock analyses. BMC Biology 7:13
Hibbett DS, Ohman A, Glotzer D, Nuhn M, Kirk P, Nilsson RH 2011. Progress in molecular and morphological taxon discovery in Fungi and options for formal classification of environmental sequences. Fungal Biol Reviews 25:38-47
Hijikata N, Murase M, Tani C, Ohtomo R, Osaki M, Ezawa T 2010. Polyphosphate has a central role in the rapid and massive accumulation of phosphorus in extraradical mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. New Phytol 186:285-289
Hijri M, Sanders IR 2004. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intrardices is haploid and has a small genome size in the lower limit of eucryotes. Fungal Genetics Biology 41:253-261
Ho I, Trappe JM 1973. Translocation of 14C from Festuca plants to their endomycorrhizal fungus. Nature 224:30-31
Hobbie EA, Weber NS, Trappe JM, van Klinken GJ 2002. Using radiocarbon to determine the mycorrhizal status of fungi. New Phytol 156:129-136
Hobbie EA, Agerer R 2010. Nitrogen isotopes in ectomycorrhizal sporocarps correspond to belowground exploration types. Plant and Soil 327: 71–83
Hodge A, Campbell CD, Fitter AH 2001. An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus accelerates decomposition and acquires nitrogen directly from organic material. Nature 413:297–299
Hodge A, Fitter AH 2010. Substantial nitrogen acquisition by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from organic material has implications for N cycling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:13754–13759.
Höflich G, Glante F 1991. Inokulumanzucht und Inokulation ertragswirksamer VA-Mykorrhizapilze. Zentralbl Mikrobiol 146:247-252
Höflich G, Münzenberger B, Busse J 2001. Bedeutung inokulierter Rhizosphärenbakterien und Ektomykorrhizapilze für das Wachstum von Kiefernsämlingen auf unterschiedlichen Böden. Forstw Cbl 120:68-79
Högberg P, Piearce GD 1986. Mycorrhizas in Zambia trees in relation to host taxonomy, vegetation type and successional patterns. J Ecol 74:775-785
Högberg P, Plamboeck AH, Taylor AF, Fransson PM 1999. Natural 13C abundance reveals trophic status of fungi and host-origin of carbon in mycorrhizal fungi in mixed forests. PNAS 96:8534-8539
Högberg MN et mult. 2010. Quantification of effects of season and nitrogen supply on tree below-ground carbon transfer to ectomycorrhizal fungi and other soil organisms in a boreal pine forest. New Phytol 187:485–493
Högberg P, Johannisson C, Yarwood S, Callesen I, Näsholm T, Myrold DD, Högberg MN 2011. Recovery of ectomycorrhiza after ‘nitrogen saturation’ of a conifer forest. New Phytol 189:515–525
Hönig K, Riefler M, Kottke I 2000. Molecular survey of different isolates of Paxillus involutus (Batsch) FR. used as inoculum of beech and oak in a nursery. Mycorrhiza 9:315-322
Horodyskyj LB, White TS, Kump LR 2012. Substantial biologically mediated phosphorus depletion from the surface of a Middle Cambrian paleosol. Geology 40:503-506
Horton TR, Bruns T 1998. Multiple-host fungi are the most frequent and abundant ectomycorrhizal types in a mixed stand of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and bishop pine (Pinus muricata). New Phytol 139:331-339
Hosaka K, Castellano MA, Spatafora JW 2008. Biogeography of Hysterangiales (Phallomycetidae, Basidiomycota). Mycol Research 112:448-462
Hristozkova M, Geneva M, Stancheva I, Boychinova M 2016. Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in attenuation of heavy metal impact on Calendula officinalis deveopment. Aplied Soil Ecology 101:57-63
Hu J et mult. 2012 Plant peroxisomes: Biogenesis and function. Review. Plant Cell 24:2279-2303
Hynson NA, Bruns TD 2009. Evidence of a myco-heterotrophi in the plant family Ericaceae that lacks mycorrhoizal specificity. Proc Royal Soc B 276:4053-4059
Hynson NA, Preiss K, Gebauer G 2009. Is it better to give than to receive? A stable isotope perspective on orchid-fungal carbon transport in the green orchid species Goodyera repens and Goodyera oblongifolia. New Phytol 182: -11
Hynson NA, Preiss K, Gebauer G, Bruns T 2009b. Isotopic evidence of full and partial myco-heterotrophy in the plant tribe Pyroleae (Ericaceae). New Phytol 182:719-726
Hynson NA, Bruns TD. 2010. Fungal hosts for mycoheterotrophic plants: a nonexclusive, but highly selective club. New Phytol 185:598–601
Hynson NA, Weiß M, Preiss K, Gebauer G, Treseder K 2013. Fungal host specificity is not a bottleneck for the germination of Pyroleae species (Ericaceae) in a bavarian forest. Mol Ecol 22:1473-1481
Imhof S 2001. Subterranean structures and mycotrophy of the achlorophyllous Dictyostega orobanchoides (Hook.) Miers (Burmanniaceae). Rev Biol Trop 49:239–247
Imhof S 2007. Specialized mycorrhizal colonization pattern in achlorophyllous Epirixanthes spp. (Polygalaceae). Plant Biol 9:786–792
Ingham ER, Massicotte HB 1994. Protozoan communities around conifer roots colonized by ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza 5:53-61
Inselsbacher E, Näsholm TT 2012. The below-ground perspective of forest plants: soil provides mainly organic nitrogen for plants and mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 195:329–334
Ishida TA, Nara K, Hogetsu T 2007. Host effects on ectomycorrhizal fungal communities: insight from eight host species in mixed conifer–broadleaf forests. New Phytol 174:430 –440
Jacquemyn H, Merckx V, Brys R, Tyteca D, Cammue B, Honnay O, Lievens B 2011. Analysis of network architecture reveals phylogenetic constraints on mycorrhizal specificity in the genus Orchis (Orchidaceae). New Phytol 192:518-528
Jacquemyn H, Brys R, Waud M, Busschaert P, Lievens B 2015. Mycorrhizal networks and coexistence in species-rich orchid communities. New Phytol 206:1127-1134
Jakobsen I 1995. Transport of phosphorus and carbon in VA mycorrhizas. In: Varma A, Hock B (eds) Mycorrhiza. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp 297-324
James TY et mult. 2006. Reconstructing the early evolution of fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443:818-822
Jansa J, Smith FA, Smith SE 2008. Are there benefits of simultaneous root colonization by different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi? New Phytot 177:779–789
Janse JM 1897. Les endophytes radicaux de quelques plantes Javanaise. Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 14 :53-212
Jansen L, Demeulenaere M, Beeckmann T 2013. Lateral Root development. In: Amram Eshel and Tom Beeckman (eds) Plant Roots – The Hidden Half, 4th edition, Taylor and Francis Group, LLC, pp 6.1-13
Jany JL, Garbaye J, Martin F 2002. Cenococcum geophilum populations show a high degree of genetic diversity in beech forests. New Phytol 154:651-659
Jargeat P, Cosseau C, Ola’h B, Jauneau A, Bonfante P 2004. Isolation, free-living capacities, and genome structure of “Candidatus Glomeribacter gigasporarum”, the endocellular bacterium of the mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita. J Bacteriol 186:6876-6884
Javelle A, Morel M, Rodríguez-Pastrana BR, Botton B, André B, Marini AM, Brun A, Chalot M 2003. Molecular characterization, function and regulation of ammonium transporters (Amt) and ammonium-metabolizing enzymes (GS, NADP-GDH) in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum. Molecular Microbiol 47:411–430
Javot H, Pumplin N, Harrison NJ 2007. Phosphate in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: transport properties and regulatory roles. Plant, Cell and Environment 30:310–322 (review)
Johnson CN 1996. Interactions between mammals and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Review. Tree 1:503-507
Johnson D, Krsek M, Wellington MH, Stott AW, Cole L, Bardgett RD, Read DJ, Leake JR 2005. Soil invertebrates disrupt carbon flow through fungal networks. Science 309:1047
Johnson D, Martin F, Cairney JW, Anderson IC 2012. The importance of individuals: intraspecific diversity of mycorrhizal plants and fungi in ecosystems. Tansley Review. New Phytol 194:614-628
Johnson D, Gilbert L 2015. Interplant signalling through hyphal networks. New Phytol 205:1448-1453
Jin HP, Pfeffer E, Douds DD, Piotrowski E, Lammers PJ, Shachar-Hill Y 2005. The uptake, metabolism, transport and transfer of nitrogen in an arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. New Phytol 168:687–696
Joner EJ, Briones R, Leyval C 2000a. Metal-binding capacity of arbuscular mycorrhizal mycelium. Plant and Soil 226:227-234
Jongmans AG et mult. 1997. Rock-eating fungi. Nature 389:682-683
Jordano P, Bascompte J, Olesen JM 2003. Invariant properties in coevolution networks of plant-animal interactions. Ecol Letters 6:69-81
Jourand P, Hannibal L, Majorel C, Mengant S, Ducousso M, Lebrun M 2014. Ectomycorrhizal Pisolithus albus inoculation of Acacia spirorbis and Eucalyptus globulus grown in ultramafic topsoil enhances plant growth and mineral nutrtion while limits metal uptake. J Plant Physiol 15:164-172
Jung SC, Martinez-Medina, Lopez-Raez JA, Pozo MJ 2007. Mycorriza-induced resistance and priming of plant defenses. J Chem Ecol 38:651-664
Kapulnik Y, Koltai H 2014. Striolactone involvement in root development, response to abiotic stress, and interaction with the biotic environment. Plant Physiology 166:560-569
Karandashov V, Nagy R, Wegmüller S, Amrhein N, Bucher M 2004. Evolutionary conservation of a phosphate transporter in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. PNAS 101:6285-6290
Kennedy AH, Taylor DL, Watson LE 2011a. Mycorrhizal specificity in the fully mycoheterotrophic Hexalectris Raf. (Orchidaceae: Epodendroideae). Molecular Ecology 20:1303-1316
Kennedy PG, Garibay-Orijel R, Higgins Logan M, Angeles-Arguiz R 2011. Ectomycorrhizal fungi in Mexican Alnus forests support the host co-migration hypothesis and continental-scale patterns in phylogeography. Mycorrhiza 21:559–568
Kennedy PG, Smith DP, Horton TR, Molina RJ 2012. Arbutus menziesii (Ericaceae) facilitates regeneration dynamics in mixed evergreen forests by promoting mycorrhizal fungal diversity and host connectivity. Am J Bot 99:1691-701
Kenrick P, Wellman C, Schneider H, Edgecombe GD 2012. A timeline for terrestrialization: consequences for the carbon cycle in the Palaeozoic. Phil Trans R Soc B 367:519-536
Kernaghan G, Patriquin G 2015. Diversity and host preference of fungi co-inhabiting Cenococcum mycorrhizae. Fungal Ecol 17:84-95
Kershaw MJ, Talbot NJ 1998. Hydrophobins and repellants: proteins with fundamental roles in fungal morphogenesis. Fungal Genetics and Biology 23:18-33
Keymer et mult. 2017. Lipid transfer from plants to arbuscular mycorrhiz fungi. eLife 6:e29107
Kiers ET et mult. 2011. Reciprocal rewards stabilize cooperation in the mycorrhizal symbiosis. Science 333 (6044):880-882
Kikuchi Y, Hijikata N, Ohtomo R, Handa Y, Kawaguchi M, Saito K, Masuta C, Ezawa T 2016. Aquaporin-mediated long-distance polyphosphate translocation directed towards the host in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: application of virus-induced gene silencing. New Phytol 211:1202–1208
Kleber M, Eusterhues K, Keiluweit M, Mikutta C, Mikutta R, Nico PS 2015. Mineral–organic associations: formation, properties, and relevance in soil environments. Advances in Agronomy 130:1–140
Klingner A, Hundeshagen B, Kernebeck H, Bothe H 1995. Localization of the yellow pigment formed in roots of gramineous plants colonized by arbuscular fungi. Protoplasma 185:50-57
Klionsky DJ, Herman PK, Emr SD 1990. The Fungal Vacuole: Composition, Function, and Biogenesis. Microbiol Rev 54:266-292
Klironomos JN, McCune J, Hart M, Neville J 2000. The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on the relationship between plant diversity and productivity. Ecology letters 3:137-141
Kloppholz S, Kuhn H, Requena N 2011. A secreted fungal effector of Glomus intraradices promotes symbiotic biotrophy. Current Biology 14:1204-1209
Knoke et mult. 2014. Afforestation or intense pasturing improve the ecological and economic value of abandoned tropical farmlands. Nature Communications. DOI:10.1038/ncomms6612
Koegel S,Brule D, Wiemken A, Boller T, Courty PE 2015. The effect of different nitrogen sources on the symbiotic interaction between Sorghum bicolor and Glomus intraradices: expression of plant and fungal genes involved in nitrogen assimilation. Soil Biol Biochem 86:156-163
Kohler A et mult. 2015. Convergent losses of decay mechanisms and rapid turnover of symbiosis genes in mycorrhizal mutualism. Nature Genetics 47:410-415
Koide RT, Lu X 1992. Mycorrhizal infection effects offspring growth and reproduction. Oecologia 90:218-226
Koide RT, Kabir Z 2000. Extraradical hyphae of the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices can hydrolyse organic phosphate. New Phytol 148:511–517
Koide RT, Mosse B 2004. A history of research on arbuscular mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza 14:145–163
Koltai H 2013. Role of strigolactones in root development and communication. In: Amram Eshel and Tom Beeckman (eds) Plant Roots – The Hidden Half, 4th edition, Taylor and Francis Group, LLC, pp. 18-1 – 18-12
Koricheva J, Gange AC, Jones T 2009. Effects of mycorrhizal fungi on insect herbivores: a meta-analysis. Ecology 90:2088-2097
Kottke I, Agerer R 1983. Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung der Mykorrhiza in älteren Laub- und Nadelwaldbeständen des Südwestdeutschen Keuperberglandes. Mitt. Verein Forstl. Standortskunde Forstpflanzenzüchtung. 30:30-39
Kottke I, Rapp Ch, Oberwinkler F 1986. Zur Anatomie gesunder und "kranker" Feinstwurzeln von Fichten: Meristem und Differenzierungen in Wurzelspitzen und Mykorrhizen. Eur J For Path 16:159-171
Kottke I, Oberwinkler F 1986. Mycorrhiza of forest trees - structure and function. Trees 1:1-24
Kottke I, Guttenberger M, Hampp R, Oberwinkler F 1987. An in vitro method for establishing mycorrhizae on coniferous tree seedlings. Trees 1:191-194
Kottke I, Oberwinkler F 1987. Cellular structure and function of the Hartig net: coenocytic and transfer cell-like organization. Nordic J Bot 7:85-95
Kottke I, Oberwinkler F 1989. Amplification of root-fungus-interface by Hartig net architecture. In: Dreyer E. et al. (eds.) Forest Tree Physiology, Int. Symp. Nancy 1988, Ann. Sci. For. 46 suppl.:737s-740s
Kottke I, Oberwinkler F 1990. Comparative investigations on the differentiation of the endodermis and the development of the Hartig net in mycorrhizae of Picea abies and Larix decidua. Trees 4: 41-48
Kottke I, Weber R, Ritter T, Oberwinkler F 1993. Vitality of mycorrhizas and health status of trees on diverse forest stands in West Germany. in: Hüttl RF, Mueller-Dombois D (eds.) Forest Decline in the Atlantic and Pacific Region. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 189-201
Kottke I, Martin F 1994. Demonstration of aluminium in polyphosphate of Laccaria amethystea (Bolt. ex Hooker) Murr. by means of electron energy loss spectroscopy. J Microscopy 174:225-232
Kottke I, Wöllmer H 1995. Beobachtungen zur Mykorrhiza- und Feinstwurzeldentwicklung sowie zur Aktivität von Bodentieren am Standort Schöllkopf unter Einbeziehung der Rhizoskopie. In: L. Bittlingmaier, W. Reinhardt, D. Siefermann-Harms; Hrsg. Waldschäden im Schwarzwald. ecomed verlagsgesellschaft, Landsberg, S. 141-148
Kottke I, Münzenberger B, Oberwinkler F 1996. Structural approach to function in ectomycorrhizas. In: H. Rennenberg, W. Eschrich, H. Ziegler eds. Trees - Contribution to Modern Tree Physiology. SPB Academic Publ. The Hague, pp 357-376
Kottke I 1997. Fungal adhesion pad formation and penetration of root cuticle in early stage Picea abies-Laccaria amethystea mycorrhizas. Protoplasma 196: 55-64
Kottke I, Hönig K 1998. Improvement of maintenance and autochthones mycorrhization of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.) plantlets by premycorrhization with Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. in: Misra A (ed) Problems of Wasteland Development and Role of Microbes. AMIFM Publications, Bhubaneswar, pp. 187-218
Kottke I, Qian XM, Pritsch K, Haug I, Oberwinkler F 1998. Xerocomus badius - Picea abies an ectomycorrhiza of high activity and element storage capacity in acidic soil. Mycorrhiza 7:267-275
Kottke I 1999. Das Einmaleins des Miteinander: Pilz-Wurzel-Symbiosen. In: Gamer-Wallert I, Lorenz S (Hrsg.) Der Schönbuch. Mensch und Wald in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Attempto Verlag, Tübingen, S.142-152
Kottke I 2002. Mycorrhizae - Rhizosphere determinants of plant communities. In: Waisel Y, Eshel A, Kafkafi U eds. Plant Roots. The Hidden Half. 3rd ed. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, Basel, pp.919-932
Kottke I, Beiter A, Weiss M, Haug I, Oberwinkler F, Nebel M 2003. Heterobasidiomycetes form symbiotic associations with hepatics: Jungermanniales have sebacinoid mycobionts while Aneura pinguis (Metzgeriales) is associated with a Tulasnella species. Mycol Res 107:957-968
Kottke I 2004 The surface of ectomycorrhizal roots and the interaction with ectomycorrhizal fungi. In: Varma A, Abbott L, Werner D, Hampp R (eds.) Plant surface microbiology. Springer Berlin ect. pp. 211-226
Kottke I, Beck A, Oberwinkler F, Homeier J, Neill D 2004. Arbuscular endomycorrhizas are dominant in the organic soil of a neotropical montane cloud forest. J Trop Ecol 20:125-129
Kottke I, Beck A, Haug I, Setaro S, Jeske V, Suárez JP, Pazmiño L, Preußing M, Nebel M, Oberwinkler F 2008. Mycorrhizal state and new and special features of mycorrhizae of trees, ericads, orchids, ferns and liverworts. In: Beck E, Bendix J, Kottke I, Makeschin F, Mosandl R (eds.) Gradients in a Tropical Mountain Ecosystem of Ecuador. Series Ecological Studies 198, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp.137-148, ISBN 978-3-540-73525-0
Kottke I, Suárez JP 2009. Mutualistic, root-inhabiting fungi of orchids – identification and functional types. In: AM Pridgeon and JP Suárez (eds) Proceedings of the Second Scientific Conference on Andean Orchids. Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador, pp 84-99, ISBN 978-9942-00-502-1
Kottke I, Suárez JP, Herrera P, Cruz D, Bauer R, Haug I, Garnica S 2010. Atractiellomycetes belonging to the ‘rust’ lineage (Pucciniomycotina) form mycorrhizae with terrestrial and epiphytic Neotropical orchids. Proc R Soc B 277:1289-1296
Kottke I, Setaro S, Haug I, Herrera P, Cruz D, Fries A, Gawlik J, Homeier J, Werner FA, Gerique A, Suárez JP 2013. Mycorrhiza networks promote biodiversity and stabilize the tropical mountain rain forest ecosystem: Perspectives for understanding complex communities. In: Bendix J, Beck E, Bräuning A, Makeschin F, Mosandl R, Scheu S, Wilcke W (eds.), Ecosystem Services, Biodiversity and Environmental Change in a Tropical Mountain Ecosystem of South Ecuador, Ecological Studies 221, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp 187-203
Kottke I, Kovács GM 2013. Mycorrhizae – rhizosphere determinants of plant communities. What can we learn from the tropics? In: Amram Eshel and Tom Beeckman (eds) Plant Roots – The Hidden Half, 4th edition, Taylor and Francis Group, LLC, pp. 40-1 13
Kough JL, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gianinazzi S 1987. Depressed metabolic activity of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi after fungicide application. New Phytol 106:707-715
Kovács GM, Szigetvári C 2002. Mycorrhizae and other root-associated fungal structures of the plants of a sandy grassland on the Great Hungarian Plain. Phyton 42:211-223
Kovács GM, Balázs T, Pénez Z 2007. Molecular study of arbuscular fungi colonizing the sporophyte of eusporangiate rattlesnake fern (Botrychium virginiatum, Ophioglossaceae). Mycorrhiza 17:597-605
Kowal J, Pressel S, Duckett JG, Bidartondo MI, Field KJ 2018. From rhizoids to roots? Experimental evidence of mutualism between liverworts and ascomycete fungi. Annals of Botany doi: 10.1093/aob/mex126; online unter www.academic.oup.com/aob
Krause C, Garnica S, Bauer R, Nebel M 2011. Aneuraceae (Metzgeriales) and tulasnelloid fungi (Basidiomycota) – a model for early steps in fungal symbiosis. Fungal Biology 115:839-851
Kretzer AM, Luoma DL, Molina R, Spatafora JW 2003. Taxonomy of the Rhizopogon vinicolor species complex based on analysis of ITS sequences and microsatellite loci. Mycologia 95:480-487
Krings M, Taylor TN, Hass H, Kerp H, Dotzler N, Hermsen EJ 2007. Fungal endophytes in a 400-million yr-old land plant: infection pathways, spatial distribution, and host responses. New Phytol 175:648–657
Kron KA, Luteyn JL 2005. Origins and biogeographic patterns in Ericaceae: new insights from recent phylogenetic analyses. In: Fries I, Balslev H (eds.) Plant diversity and complexity patterns: Local, regional and global dimensions. Biol Skr 55:479-500
Krpata D, Mühlmann O, Kuhnert R, Ladurner H, Göbl F, Peintner U 2007. High diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Arctostaphylos uva-ursi in subalpine and alpine zones: Potential inoculum for afforestation. Forest Ecology and Management 250:167–175
Krüger M, Krüger C, Walker C, Stockinger H, Schüßler A 2012. Phylogenetic reference data for systematics and phylotaxonomy of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from phylum to species level. New Phytol 193:970-984
Kühdorf K, Münzenberger B, Begerow D, Gómez-Laurito J, Hüttl RF 2015. Leotia cf. lubrica forms arbutoid mycorrhiza with Comarostaphylis arbutoides (Ericaceae). Mycorrhiza 25:109-120
Kuga Y, Saito K, Nayuki K, Perterson RL, Saito M 2008. Ultrastructure of rapidly frozen and freeze-substituted germ tubes of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and localization of polyphosphate. New Phytol 178:189-200
Kuga Y, Sakamoto N, Yurimoto H 2014. Stable isotope cellular imaging reveals that both live and degenerating fungal pelotons transfer carbon and nitrogen to orchid protocorms. New Phytol 202:594-605
Laessoe T, Hansen K 2007. Truffle trouble: what happened to the Tuberales? Mycol Res 111:1078-1099
Lallemand F, Gaudeul M, Lambourdière J, Matsuda Y, Hashimoto Y, Selosse M-A 2016. The elusive predisposition to mycoheterotrophy in Ericaceae. New Phytol 212:314-319
Lambais MR, Mehdy MC 1995. Differential expression of defense-related genes in arbuscular mycorrhiza. Can J Bot 73(Suppl 1) S533-S540
Lanfranco L, Delpero M, Bonfante P 1999. Intrasporal variability of ribosomal sequences in the endomycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita. Molecular Ecology 8: 37-45
Larsson E, Larsson K-H 2003. Phylogenetic relationships of russuloid basidiomycetes with emphasis on aphyllophoralean taxa. Mycologia 95:1037-1065
Lastovetsky et mult. 2016. Lipid metabolic changes in an early divergent fungus govern the establishment of a mutualistic symbiosis with endobacteria.
Látalová K, Baláz M 2010. Carbon nutrition of mature green orchid Serapias strictiflora and its mycorrhizal fungus Epulorhiza sp. Biologia Plantarum 54:97-104
Lauressergues D et mult. 2012. The microRNA miR171h modulates arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of Medicago truncatula by targeting NSP2. The Plant Journal 72:512-522
Leake JR 1990. The biology of myco-heterotrophic (‘saprophytic’) plants. Tansley Review No. 69, New Phytol 127:171-216
Leake JR, Shaw G, Read DJ 1990. The biology of mycorrhiza in the Ericaceae. XVI. Mycorrhiza and iron uptake in Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull in the presence of two calcium salts. New Phytol 114:651-657
Leake JR, Read DJ 1997. Mycorrhizal fungi in terrestrial habitats. In: D. Wicklow& B. Söderström (eds.) The Mycota IV. Environmental and Microbial Relationships. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 281-301
Leake JR, Donnelly DP, Saunders EM, Boddy L, Read DJ 2001. Rates and quantities of carbon flux to ectomycorrhizal mycelium following 14C pulse labeling of Pinus sylvestris seedlings: effects of litter patches and interaction with a wood-decomposer fungus. Tree Physiol 21:71-82
Leake JR 2005. Plants parasitic on fungi: unearthing the fungi in myco-heterotrophs and debunking the ‘saprophytic’ plant myth. Mycologist 19:113-123
Leake JR, Cameron DD, Beerling DJ 2008. Fungal fidelity in the mycoheterotroph-to-autotroph life cycle of Lycopodiaceae: a case of parental nurture? New Phytol 177:572-576
Leake JR, Cameron DD 2010. Physiological ecology of mycohetrotrophy. New Phytol 185:601-605
Lehnert, M, Kottke I, Setaro S, Pazmiño L, Lozano P, Kessler M 2009. Mycorrhizal infections in ferns from southern Ecuador. American Fern J 99:292–306
Lei J, Bécard G, Catford JG, Piché Y 1991. Root factors stimulate 32P uptake and plasmalemma ATPase activity in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Gigaspora margarita. New Phytol 118:289-294
Lekberg Y, Vasar M, Bullington LS, Sepp SK, Antunes PM, Bunn R, Larkin B, Opik M 2018. More bang for the buck? New Phytol Letter 2018
Lemoine MC, Golotte A, Gianinazzi-Pearson V 1995. Localization of β(1-3) Glucan in walls of the endomycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe and Acaulospora laevis Gerd & Trappe during colonization of host roots. New Phytol 129:97-105
Lenton TM, Daines SJ 2017. Matworld - the biochemical effects of early life on land. Tansley insight. New Phytol 215:531-537
Lendzemo VW, Kuyper TW, Matusova R, Bouwmeester HJ, Ast AV 2007. Colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of Sorghum leads to reduced germination and subsequent attachment and emergence of Striga hermonthica. Plant Sign Behav 2:58-62
LePage BA, Currah RS, Stockey RA, Rothwell GW 1997. Fossil ectomycorhizae from the middle Eocene. Am J Bot 84:410-412
Le Quéré A, Wright DP, Söderström B, Tunlid A, Johansson T 2005. Global patterns of gene regulation associated with the development of ectomycorrhiza between birch (Betula pendula Roth) and Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 18:659-673
Lerat S, Lapointe L, Gutjahr S, Piché Y, Vierheilig H 2003. Carbon partitioning in a split-root system of arbuscular mycorrhizal plants is fungal and plant dependent. New Phytol 157:589-595
Lerat S, Lapointe L, Piché Y, Vierheilig H 2003. Variable carbon-sink strength of different Glomus mosseae strains colonizing barley roots. Can J Bot 81:886-889
Lew R 2011. How does a hypha grow? The biophysics of pressurized growth in fungi. Nature Rev Microbiol 9:509-518
Li Xiao-Lin, George E, Marschner H 1991. Extension of the phosphorus depletion zone in VA-mycorrhizal white clover in a calcareous soil. Plant and Soil 136:41-48
Ligrone R 1988. Ultrastructure of a fungal endophyte in Phaeoceros laevis (L.) Prosk. (Anthocerophyta). Bot Gaz 149:92-100
Ligrone R, Lopes C 1989. Cytology and development of a mycorrhiza-like infection in the gametophyte of Conocephalum conicum (L.) Dum. (Marchantiales, Hepatophyta). New Phytol 111:423-433
Ligrone R, Pocock K, Duckett JD 1993. A comparative ultrastructural study of endophytic basidiomycetes in the parasitic achlorophyllous hepatic Cryptothallus mirabilis and the closely allied photosynthetic species Aneura pinguis (Metzgeriales). Can J Bot 71:666-679
Ligrone R, Carafa A, Lumini E, Bianciotto V, Bonfante P, Ducket JG. 2007. Glomerocotean associations in liverworts: a molecular, cellular, and taxonomic analysis. Am J Bot 94:1756-1777
Lilleskov EA, Hobbie EA, Fahey TJ 2002. Ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa differing in response to nitrogen deposition also differ in pure culture organic nitrogen use and natural abundance of nitrogen isotopes. New Phytol 154:219–231
Lilleskov EA, Bruns TD 2005. Spore dispersal of a resupinate ectomycorrhizal fungus, Tomentella subliliacina, via soil food webs. Mycologia 97: 762-769
Lin K et mult. 2014. Single nucleus genome sequencing reveals high similarity among nuclei of an endomycorrhizal fungus. PLoS 10 (1): e1004078
Lindahl B, Stenlid J, Olsson S, Finaly R 1999. Translocation of 32P between interacting mycelia of a wood-decomposing fungus and ectomycorrhizal fungi in microcosm systems. New Phytol 144:183-193
Lindahl BD, Ihrmark K, Boberg J, Trumbore SE, Högberg P, Stenlid J, Finlay FD 2007. Spatial separation of litter decomposition and mycorrhizal nitrogen uptake in a boreal forest. New Phytol 173:611–620
Lindahl BD, Tunlid A 2015. Ectomycorrhizal fungi – potential organic matter decomposers, yet not saprotrophs. New Phytol 205:1443–1447
Liu H, Trieu AT, Baylock LA, Harrison MJ 1998. Cloning and characterization of two phosphate transporters from Medicago truncatula roots: regulation in response to phosphate and colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. MPMI 11:14-22
LoBuglio KF, Berbee M, Taylor JW 1996. Phylogenetic origins of the asexual mycorrhizal symbiont Cenococcum geophilum Fr. and other mycorrhizal fungi among the Ascomycetes. Molec Phylogeny Evol 6:287-294
López-Pedrosa A, González-Guerrero M, Valderas A, Azcón-Aguilar C, Ferrol N 2006. GintAMT1 encodes a functional high-affinity ammonium transporter that is expressed in the extraradical mycelium of Glomus intraradices. Fungal Genetics and Biology 43:102–110
López-Ráez J et mult. 2018. Tomato strigolactones are derived from carotenoids and their biosynthesis is promoted by phosphate starvation. New Phytol 178:863-874
Lloret PG, Casero PJ 2002. Lateral root initiation. In: Waisel Y, Eshel A, Kafkafi U (eds.) Plant Roots: The Hidden Half. 3rd ed. New York Marcel Dekker, Inc, pp 127-155
Lücking R, Huhndorf S, Pfister DH, Plata ER, Lumbsch HT 2009. Fungi evolved right on track. Mycologia 101:810–822
Luginbuehl et mult. 2017. Fatty acids in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are synthesized by the host plant. Science 10:1126/science.aan0081
Lumini E, Bianciotto V, Jargeat P, Novero M, Salvioli A, Faccio A, Bécard G, Bonfante P 2007. Presymbiotic growth and sporal morphology are affected in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita cured of its endobacterium. Cellular Microbiol 9:1716-1729
Lutzoni F, Pagel M, Reeb V 2001. Major fungal lineages are derived from lichen symbiotic ancestors. Nature 411:937-940
MacDonald RM, Chandler M, Mosse B 1982. The occurrence of bacterium-like organelles in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 90:659-663
Maherali H, Klironomos JN 2007. Influence of phylogeny on fungal community assembly and ecosystem functioning. Science 316:1746-1748
Maillet F et mult. 2011. Fungal lipochitooligosaccharide symbiotic signals in arbuscular mycorrhiza. Nature 469:58-64
Mangan SA, Adler GH 2000. Consumption of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by terrestrial and arboreal small mammals in a Panamanian cloud forest. J Mammology 81:563-570
Margulis L, Fester R ed. 1991. Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation. The MIT Press, Cambridge, London
Markmann K, Parniske M 2009. Evolution of root endosymbiosis with bacteria: how novel are nodules? Trends in Plant Science 14:77-87
Marschner H 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, Academic Press, London, San Diego, New York, 2nd ed., ISBN 0-12-473543-6
An improved ergosterol assay to estimate fungal biomass in ectomycorrhizas. Mycol Res 94:1059-1064
Martin F, Rubini P, Côte R, Kottke I 1994. Aluminium polyphosphate complexes in the mycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor: a 27Al NMR study. Planta 194:241-246
Martin F, Laurent P, de Carvalho D, Voiblet C, Balestrini R, Bonfante P, Tagu D 1999. Cell wall proteins of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Pisolithus tinctorius: identification, function, and expression in symbiosis. Fungal Gen. Biol. 27: 161-174
Martin F, Diez J, Dell B, Delaruelle C 2002. Phylogeography of the ectomycorrhizal Pisolithus species as inferred from nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences. New Phytol 153:345–357
Martin et mult. 2008. The genome of Laccaria bicolor provides insights into mycorrhizal symbiosis. Nature 452:88-91
Martin et mult. 2010. Périgord black truffle genome uncovers evolutionary origins and mechanisms of symbiosis. Nature 464:1033-1038
Martino et mult. 2018. Comparative genomics and transcriptomics depict ericoid mycorrhizal fungi as versatile saprotrophs and plant mutualists. New Phytol 217:1213-1229
Martos F et mult. 2009. Independent recruitment of saprophytic fungi as mycorrhizal partners by tropical achlorophyllous orchids. New Phytol 184:668-681
Martos F, Munoz F, Pailler T, Kottke I, Gonneau C, Selosse M-A 2012. The role of epiphytism in architecture and evolutionary constraint within mycorrhizal networks of tropical orchids. Molecular Ecology 21:5098-5109
Maser C, Trappe JM, Nussbaum RA 1978. Fungal–small mammal interrelationships with emphasis on Oregon coniferous forests. Ecology 59:799–809
Massicotte HB, Molina R, Luoma DL, Smith J 1994. Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus Rhizopogon. II. Patterns of host-fungus specificity following spore inoculation of diverse hosts grown in monoculture and dual culture. New Phytol 126:677-690
Massicotte HB, Melville LH, Peterson RL 1998. Anatomical aspects of field ectomycorrhizas on Polygonum viviparum (Polygonaceae) and Kobresia bellardii (Cyperaceae). Mycorrhiza 7:287-292
Massicotte HB, Melville LH, Tackaberry LE, Peterson RL 2008. A comparative study of mycorrhizas in several genera of Pyroleae (Ericaceae) from western Canada. Botany 86:610–622
Matheny et mult. 2006. Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview Mycologia 98:982–995
Matsuda Y, Shimizu S, Mori M, Ito S-I, Selosse M-A 2012. Seasonal and environmental changes of mycorrhizal associations and heterotrophy levels in mixotrophic Pyrola japonica (Ericaceae) growing under different light environments. Am J Bot 99:1177–1188
McCormick MK, Jacquemyn H 2014. What constrains the distribution of orchid populations? New Phytol 202:392-400
McElhinney C, Mitchell DT 1993. Phosphatase activity of four ectomycorrhizal fungi found in a Sitka spruce-Japanese larch plantation in Ireland. Mycol Res 97:725-732
McGuire KL 2007. Common ectomycorrhizal networks may maintain monodominance in a tropical rain forest. Ecology 88:567-574
McGuire KL, Henkel TW, Granzow de la Cerda I, Villa G, Edmund F, Andrew C 2008. Dual mycorrhizal colonization of forest-dominating tropical trees and the mycorrhizal status of non-dominant tree and liana species. Mycorrhiza 18:217-222
McKendrick SL, Leake JR, Read DJ 2000. Symbiotic germination and development of myco-heterotrophic plants in nature: transfer of carbon from ectomycorrhizal Salix repens and Betula pendula to the orchid Corallorhiza trifida through shared hyphal connections. New Phytol 145:539-548
Maffia B, Nadkarni NM, Janos DP 1993. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of epiphytic and terrestrial Piperaceae under field and greenhouse conditions. Mycorrhiza 4:5-9
Medan D, Perazzo RP, Devoto M, Burgos E, Zimmermann MG, Ceva H, Delbue AM 2007. Analysis and assembling of network structure in mutualistic systems. J Theoret Biol 246:510-521
Meding SM, Zasoski RJ 2008. Hyphal-mediated transfer of nitrate, arsenic, cesium, rubidium, and strontium between arbuscular mycorrhizal forbs and grasses from a California oak woodland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40:126-134
Melin E 1923. Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Birken- und Espenmykorrhizen und ihre Pilzsymbionten. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 17:479-519
Mello MA, Marquitti FM, Guimarães jr. PR, Kalko EK, Jordano P, de Aguiar MA 2011. The missing part of seed dispersal networks: structure and robustness of bat-fruit interactions. PLOS ONE 6:e17395
Merckx V, Freudenstein JV 2010. Evolution of mycoheterotrophy in plants: a phylogenetic perspective. New Phytol 185:605–609
Merckx V, Stöckel M, Fleischmann A, Bruns TD, Gebauer G 2010. 15N and 13C natural abundance of two mycoheterotrophic and a putative partially mycoheterotrophic species associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 188:590-596
Merckx V S ed. 2013. Mycoheterotrophy. The Biology of Plants Living on Fungi. Springer Science and Business Media, New York, 356 pp
Mexal J, Reid CP 1973. The growth of selected mycorrhizal fungi in response to induced water stress. Can J Bot 51:1579-1588
Meyer CJ, Peterson CA 2013. Structure and function of three suberized cell layers: Epidermis, Exodermis, and Endodermis. In: Amram Eshel and Tom Beeckman (eds) Plant Roots – The Hidden Half, 4th edition, Taylor and Francis Group, LLC, pp 5.1-20
Miller S, Larsson E, Larsson K-H, Verbeken A, Nuytinck J 2006. Perspectives in the new Russulales. Mycologia 98:960-970
Minerdi D, Fani R, Gallo R, Boarino A, Bonfante P 2001. Nitrogen fixation genes in an endosymbiotic Burkholderia strain. Applied Environmental Microbiol 67:725-732
Molina R 1981. Ectomycorrhizal specifity in the genus Alnus. Can J Bot 59:325-334
Molina R, Trappe JM 1982. Lack of mycorrhizal specificity by ericaceous hosts Arbutus menziesii and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. New Phytol 90:495-509
Molina R, Massicotte H, Trappe J 1992. Specificity phenomena in mycorrhizal symbiosis: community - ecological consequences and practical implication. In Allen MJ (ed) Mycorrhizal functioning. An Integrative Plant-Fungal Process. Chapman & Hall New York, London, pp. 357-423
Molina R, Trappe JM 1994. Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus Rhizopogon. I. Host associations, host-specificity and pure culture synthesis. New Phytol 126:653-675
Molvray M, Kores PJ, Chase MW 2000. Polyphyly of mycoheterotrophic orchids and functional influences on floral and molecular characters. In: KL Wilson and DA Morrison (eds) Monocots: Systematics and Evolution
Mondo SJ, Toomer KH, Morton JB, Lekberg Y, Pawlowska TE 2012. Evolutionary stability in a 400-million-year-old facultative mutualism. Evolution 66:2564-2576
Montero H, Choi J, Paszkowski U 2019. Arbuscular mycorrhizal phenotyping: the dos and don'ts. New Phytologist 221:1182-1186
Montesinos-Navarro A, Segarra-Moragues JG, Valiente-Banuet A, Verdú M 2012. The network structure of plant-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 194:536-547
Moser G, Hertel D, Leuschner C 2007. Altitudinal change in LAI and stand leaf biomass in tropical montane forests: a transect study in Ecuador and a pan-tropical meta-amalysis. Ecosystems 10:924-935
Mosse B 1956. Fructifications of an Endogone species causing endotrophic mycorrhiza in fruit plants. Annals of Botany 20:349-362
Moyersoen B 1993. Ectomicorrizas y micorrrizas vesícolo –arbusculares en Caatinga Amazónica del Sur de Venezuela. Scientia Guaianae 3:1-81
Moyersoen B 2006. Pakaraimaea dipterocarpacea is ectomycorrhizal, indicating an ancient Gondwanaland origin for the ectomycorrhizal habit in Dipterocarpaceae. New Phytol 172:753-762
Müller WH, Stalpers JA, van Aelst AC, van der Krift TP, Boekhout T 1998. Field emission gun-scanning electron microscopy of septal pore caps of selected species in the Rhizoctonia s. l. complex. Mycologia 90:170-179
Müller T, Avolio M, Olivi M et mult. 2007. Nitrogen transport in the ectomycorrhizal association: The Hebeloma cylindrosporum-Pinus pinaster model. Phytochemistry 68:41-51
Münzenberger B, Metzler B, Kottke I, Oberwinkler F 1986. Morphologische und anatomische Charakterisierung der Mykorrhiza Lactarius deterrimus-Picea abies in vitro. Z Mycol 52:407-422
Münzenberger B, Heilemann J, Strack D, Kottke I, Oberwinkler F 1990. Phenolics of mycorrhizas and non-mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruce. Planta 182:142-148
Münzenberger B, Kottke I, Oberwinkler F 1992. Ultrastructural investigations of Arbutus unedo-Laccaria amethystea mycorrhizas sythesized in vitro. Trees 7:40-47
Münzenberger B, Kottke I, Oberwinkler F 1995. Reduction of phenolics in mycorrhizas of Larix decidua Mill. Tree Physiol 15:191-196
Munkvold L, Kjoller R, Vestberg M, Rosendahl S, Jakobsen I. 2004. High functional diversity within species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 164:357–364
Murray JD, Cousins DR, Jackson KJ, Liu C 2013. Signalling at the root surface: The role of cutin monomers in mycorrhization. Molecular Plant 6:1381-1383
Nadimi M, Stefani FO, Hijri M 2016. The large (134.9 kb) mitochondrial genome of the glomeromycete Funneliformis mosseae. Mycorrhiza 26:747-755
Nagendran S, Hallen-Adams HE, Paper JM, Aslam N, Walton JD 2009. Reduced genomic potential for secreted plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Amanita bisporigera, based on the sectretome of Trichoderma reesei. Fungal Genetics Biol 46:427-435
Nagy LG, Kocsubé S, Csanádi Z, Kovács GM, Petkovits T, Vágvölgyi C, Papp T 2012. Re-mind the gaps! Insertion - deletion data reveal neglected phylogenetic potential of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of fungi. PLOS ONE 7:e49794
Naito M, Morton JB, Pawlowska TE 2015. Minimal genomes of mycoplasma-related endobacteria are plastic and contain host-derived genes for sustained life within Gloeromycota. PNAS 112:7791-7796
Naumann M, Schüßler A, Bonfante P 2010. The obligate endobacteria of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are ancient heritable components related to the Mollicutes. ISME Journal 4:862-871.
Nebel M, Kreier HP, Preußing M, Weiß M, Kottke 2004. Symbiotic fungal associations of liverworts are the possible ancestors of mycorrhizae. In Agerer R, Piepenbring M, Blanz P (eds.) Frontiers in Basidiomycote Mycology, IHW-Verlag, Eching, pp 339-360
Nehls U, Kleber R, Wiese J, Hampp R 1999. Isolation and characterization of a general amino acid permease from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Amanita muscaria. New Phytol 144:343-349
Nehls U, Bock A, Einig W, Hampp R 2001. Excretion of two proteases by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Amanita muscaria. Plant Cell Environ 24:741–747
Nehls U, Göhringer F, Wittulsky S, Dietz S 2010. Fungal carbohydrate support in the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis: a review. Plant Biology 12:292-301
Newcomb W 1981 Fine structure of the root nodules of Dryas drummondii Richards (Rosaceae). Can J Bot 59:2500-2514
Newsham KK, Bridge PD 2010. Sebacinales are associates of the leafy liverwort Lophozia excisa in the southern maritime Antarctic. Mycorrhiza 20:307–313
Niederer M, W Pankow, Wiemken, A 1992. Seasonal changes of soluble carbohydrates in mycorrhizas of Norway spruce and changes induced by exposure to frost and desiccation. Eur J For Path 22:291-299
Niini SS, Raudaskoski M 1993. Response of ectomycorrhizal fungi to benomyl and nocadazole: growth inhibition and microtubule depolymerization. Mycorrhiza 3:83-91
Nilsson RH, Kristiansson E, Ryberg M, Hallenberg N, Larsson K-H 2008. Intraspecificity: Its variability in the kingdom fungi as expressed in the international sequence databases and its implications for molecular species identification. Evol Bioinf Online 4:193–201
Nobis A, Błaszkowski J, Zubek S 2015. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associations of vascular plants confined to river valleys: towards understanding the river corridor plant distribution. J Plant Res 128:127–137
Noelle W 1910. Studien zur vergleichenden Anatomie und Morphologie der Koniferenwurzeln mit Rücksicht auf die Systematik. Bot Ztg 68:169-266
Nörr R, Kottke I, Blaschke M 2003. Das unterirdische Geheimnis von Steinpilz und Trüffel. Mykorrhiza im Waldbau. LWFaktuell, Magazin für Wald, Wissenschaft und Praxis. 41:26-28
Norris JR, Read DJ, Varma AK (eds.) 1991. Methods in Microbiology, Vol. 23, Techniques for the study of mycorrhiza, Academic Press, London, New York
North M, Trappe J, Franklin J 1997. Standing crop and animal consumption of fungal sporocarps in Pacific Northwest forests. Ecology 78:1543-1554
Nurfadilah S, Swarts ND, Dixon KW, Lambers H, Merritt DJ 2013. Variation in nutrient-acquisition patterns by mycorrhizal fungi of rare and common orchids explains diversification in a global biodiversity hotspot. Annals Botany 111:1233–1241
Obase K, Matsuda Y, Ito S 2013. Enkianthus campanulatus (Ericaceae) is commonly associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza 23:199-208
Oberwinkler F 1985. Anmerkungen zur Evolution und Systematik der Basidiomyceten. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 107:541-580
Oberwinkler F, Riess K, Bauer R, Selosse M-A, Weiß M, Garnica S, Zuccaro A 2013a. Enigmatic Sebacinales. Mycol Progress 12:1-27
Oberwinkler F, Riess K, Bauer R, Kirschner R, Garnica S 2013b. Taxonomic re-evaluation of the Ceratobasidium-Rhizoctonia complex and Rhizoctonia butinii, a new species attacking spruce. Mycol Progress 12:763-776
Oberwinkler F, Riess K, Bauer R, Garnica S 2014. Morphology and molecules: The Sebacinales, a case study. Mycol Progress 13:445-470
Oehl F, Sieverding E, Palenzuela J, Ineichen K, da Silva GA 2011. Advances in Glomeromycota taxonomy and classification. IMA Fungus 2:191-199
Ogura-Tsujita Y, Sakoda A, Ebihara A, Yukawa T, Imaichi R 2013. Arbuscular mycorrhiza formation in cordate gametophytes of two ferns, Angiopteris lygodiifolia and Osmunda japonica. J Plant Research 126: 41–50
Ohtomo R, Saito M 2005. Polyphosphate dynamics in mycorrhizal roots during colonization of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. New Phytol 167:571–578
Okuyama T, Holland JN 2008. Network structural properties mediate the stability of mutualistic communities. Ecology Letters 11:208-216
Oldroyd GE 2013. Speak, friend, and enter: signalling systems that promote beneficial symbiotic associations in plants. Nature Reviews Microbiology 11:252-263
Op den Camp R, Streng A, De Mita S, Cao Q, Polone E, Liu W, Ammiraju JS, Kudrna D, Wing R, Untergasser A, Bisseling T, Geurts R 2011. LysM-type mycorrhizal receptor recruited for rhizobium symbiosis in nonlegume Parasponia. Science 331:909–912
Orchard et mult. 2017a. Fine endophytes (Glomus tenue) are related to Mucoromycotina, not Glomeromycota. New Phytol 213:481-486
Orchard et mult. 2017b. Fine root endophytes under scrutiny: a review of the literature on arbuscule-producing fungi recently suggested to belong to the Mucoromycotina. Mycorrhiza 27:619-638
Pacioni G 1991. Effects of Tuber metabolites on the rhizospheric environment. Mycol Res 95:1355-1358
Paduano C, Rodda M, Ercole E, Girlanda M, Perotto S 2011. Pectin localization in the Mediterranean orchid Limodorum abortivum reveals modulation of the plant interface in response to different mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza 21:97-104
Pais MS, Barroso J 1983. Localization of polyphenoloxidases during the establishment of Ophrys lutea endomycorrhizas. New Phytol 95:219-222
Parniske M 2008. Arbuscular mycorrhiza: the mother of plant root endosymbioses. Nature Reviews Microbiology 6: 763-775.
Parrent JL, James TJ, Vasaitis R, Taylor AF 2009. Friend or foe? Evolutionary history of glycoside hydrolase family 32 genes encoding for sucrolytic activity in fungi and its implications for plant-fungal symbioses BMC Evolutionary Biology 9:148
Pawlowska TE 2005. Genetic processes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Minireview. FEMS Microbiology Letters 251:185-192
Pawlowski K, Sprent JI 2008. Comparison between actinorhizal and legume symbiosis. In. Pawlowski K & WE Newton (eds.) Nitrogen-fixing Actinorhizal Symbioses, Springer, Dortrecht, pp 261-288
Pawlowski K, Demchenko KN 2012. The diversity of actinorhizal symbiosis. Protoplasma 249:967-979
Pearson V; Read DJ 1973. The biology of mycorrhiza in the Ericaceae. I. The isolation of the endophyte and synthesis of mycorrhizas in aseptic culture. New Phytol 72:371-379
Peretto R, Perotto S, Faccio A, Bonfante P 1990. Cell surface in Calluna vulgaris L. hair roots. In situ localization of polysaccharide components. Protoplasma 155: 1-18
Peretto R, Bettini V, Bonfante P 1993. Evidence of two polygalacturonases produced by a mycorrhizal ericoid fungus during its saprophytic growth. FEMS Microbiol Letters 114:85-92
Pérez-Boada M, Ruiz-Duenas FJ, Pogni R, Basosi R, Choinowski T, Martinez MJ et al. 2005. Versatile peroxidase oxidation of high redox potential aromatic compounds: site-directed mutagenesis, spectroscopic and crystallographic investigation of three long-ranged electron transfer pathways. J Mol Biol 354:385–402
Perez-Moreno J, Read DJ 2000. Mobilization and transfer of nutrients from litter to tree seedlings via the vegetative mycelium of ectomycorrhizal plants. New Phytol 145:301-309
Perotto S, Peretto R, Faccio A, Schubert A, Varma A, Bonfante P 1995. Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi: cellular and molecular bases of their interactions with the host plant. Can J Bot 73 (Suppl. 1) S557-S568
Perotto S, Rodda M, Benetti A, Sillo F, Ercole E, Rodda M, Girlanda M 2014. Gene expression in mycorrhizal orchid protocorms suggests a friendly plant-fungus relationship. Planta 239:1337-1349
Perry DA, Margolis H, Choquette C, Molina R, Trappe JM 1989. Ectomycorrhizal mediation of composition between coniferous tree species. New Phytol 112:501-511
Peter M, Ayer F, Egli S 2001. Nitrogen addition in a Norway spruce stand alterd macromycete sporocarp production and below-ground ectomycorrhizal species composition. New Phytol 149:311-325
Peter M, Kohler A, Ohm RA et mult. Ectomycorhrizal ecology is imprinted in the genome of the dominant symbiotic fungus Cenococcum geophilum. Nature Communications 7:12662
Peterson TA, Mueller WC, Englander C 1980. Anatomy and ultrastructure of a Rhododendron root-fungus association. Can J Bot 58:2421-2433
Peterson RL, Howarth MJ, Whittier DP 1981. Interactions between a fungal endophyte and gametophyte cells in Psilotum nudum. Can J Bot 59:711-720
Peterson RL, Massicotte HB, Melville LH 2004. Exploring structural definitions of mycorrhizas, with emphasis on nutrient-exchange interfaces. Can J Bot 82:1074-1088
Peyronel B 1923. Prime ricerche sulle micorize endotrofiche e sulla microflora radicicola normale delle fanerogame. Riv Biol 5:463-485
Pfeffer PE, Douds DD Jr, Becard G, Shachar-Hill Y 1999. Carbon uptake and the metabolism and transport of lipids in an arbuscular mycorrhiza. Plant Physiol 120:587–598
Phillips JM, Hayman DS 1970. Improved procedure for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Trans Br Mycol Soc 55:158-160
Phipps CJ, Taylor TN 1996. Mixed arbuscular mycorrhizae from the Triassic of Antartica. Mycologia 88:707-714
Pires ND, Dolan LD 2012. Morphological evolution in land plants: new designs with old genes. Phil Trans R Soc B 367:508-518
Pirozynski KA, Malloch DW 1975.The origin of land plants: a matter of mycotrophism. Biosystems 6:152-164
Plassard C, Dell B 2010. Phosphorus nutrition in mycorrhizal trees. Tree Physiol 30:1129-1139
Plett JM, Martin F 2011. Blurred boundaries: lifestyle lessons from ectomycorrhizal fungal genomes. Trends in Genetics 27, No. 1
Plett JM, Martin F 2012. Mutualistic effectors: Architects of symbiosis. In: Martin F, Kamoun S (Eds.) Effectors in Plant-Microbe Interactions. John Wiley & Sons, pp. 297-327
Plett et al. 2012. Phylogenetic, genomic organization and expression analysis of hydrophobin genes in the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor. Fungal Genetics Biol 49:199-209
Plett J et mult. 2014. Effector MiSSP7 of the mutualistic fungus Laccaria bicolor stabilizes the Populus JAZ6 protein and represses jasmonic acid (JA) responsive genes. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1322671111
Plett JM, Martin F 2018. Know your enemy, embrace your friend: using omics to understand how plants respond differently to pathogenic and mutualistic microorganisms. The Plant Journal 93:729-746
Pölme S et mult. 2013. Biogeography of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with alders (Alnus spp.) in relation to biotic and abiotic variables at the global scale. New Phytol 198:1239–1249
Pozo MJ, López-Ráez JA, Azcón-Aguilar C, Garcia-Garrido JM 2015. Phytohormones as integrators of environmental signals in the regulation of mycorrhizal symbioses. Tansley insight. New Phytol 205:1431-1436
Pozzi AC, Roy M et mult. 2018. Patterns of diversity, endemism and specialization in the root symbiont communities of alder species on the island Corsica. New Phytol doi: 10.1111/nph.14996
Preiss K, Adam IK, Gebauer G 2010. Irradiance governs exploitation of fungi: fine-tuning of carbon gain by two partially myco-heterotrophic orchids. Proc R Soc B 277:1333-1336
Pressel S, Davis EC, Ligrone R, Duckett JG 2008. An ascomycetous endophyte induces branching and septation of the rhizoids in the leafy liverwort family the Schistochilaceae (Jungermanniidae, Hepaticopsida). Am J Bot 95:531–541
Pressel S, Bidartondo M, Ligrone R, Duckett JG 2010. Fungal symbioses in bryophytes: New insights in the Twenty First Century. Phytotaxa 9:238–253
Pressel S, Bidartondo M, Field KJ, Rimington WR, Duckett JG 2016. Pteridophyte fungal associations: Current knowledge and future perspectives. J Systematics Evol 54:666-678
Preußing M, Nebel M, Oberwinkler F, Weiß M 2010. Diverging diversity patterns in the Tulasnella (Basidiomycota, Tulasnellales) mycobionts of Aneura pinguis (Marchantiophyta, Metzgeriales) from Europe and Ecuador. Mycorrhiza 20:147e159
Pridgeon AM, Stern WL, Benzing DH 1983. Tilosomes in roots of orchidaceae: morphology and systematic occurrence. Amer J Bot 7: 1365-1377
Pryer KM, Schneider H, Smith AR, Cranfill R, Wolf PG, Hunt JS, Sipes SD 2001. Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants. Nature 409:618-62
Pumplin N, Harrison MJ 2009. Live-cell imaging reveals periarbuscular membrane domains and organelle location in Medicago truncatula roots during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Plant Physiol 151:809–819
Pumplin N, Zhanga X, Noara RD, Harrison MJ 2012. Polar localization of a symbiosis-specific phosphate transporter is mediated by a transient reorientation of secretion. PNAS |E665–E672
Querejeta JI, Egerton-Warburton LM, Allen MF 2003. Direct nocturnal water transfer from oaks to their mycorrhizal symbionts during severe soil drying. Oecologia 134:55-64
Qian XM, Kottke I, Oberwinkler F 1998a. Influence of liming and acidification on the activity of mycorrhizal communities in a Picea abies ([L.] Karst.) stand. Plant and Soil 199:99-109
Qian XM, El-Ashker A, Kottke I, Oberwinkler F 1998b. Studies of pathogenic and antagonistic microfungal populations and their potential interactions in the mycorrhizosphere of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) on acidified and limed plots. Plant and Soil 199:111-116
Qian XM, Kottke I, Oberwinkler F 1998c. Activity of different ectomycorrhizal types studied by vital fluorescence. Plant and Soil 199:91-98
Qiu Y-L, Lia Lb, Wang B, Chen Z, Knoop V, Groth-Malonek M, Dombrovska O, Lee J, Kent L, RestJ, Estabrook GF, HendryTA, Taylor DW, Test CM, Ambros M, Crandall-Stotler B, R. DuffJ, Stech M, Frey W, Quandt D, Davis CC. 2006. The deepest divergences in land plants inferred from phylogenomic evidence. PNAS 103:15511–15516
Ramirez SR, Gravendeel B, Singer RB, Marshall CR, Pierce NE 2007. Dating the origin of the Orchidaceae from a fossil orchid with its pollinator. Nature 448:1042-1045
Rasmussen HN, Rasmussen FN 2009. Orchid mycorrhiza: implications for a mycophagous life style. Oikos 118: 334-345
Rausch C, Daram P, Brunner S et al. 2001. A phosphate transporter expressed in arbuscular-containing cells in potato. Nature 414:462-470
Rayner ADM, Boddy L 1988. Fungal Decomposition of Wood, its Biology and Ecology. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Read D 1974. Pezizella ericae sp. nov., the perfect state of a typical mycorrhizal endophyte of Ericaceae. Trans Br mycol Soc 63:381-383
Read DJ, Perez-Morena J 2003. Mycorrhizas and nutrient cycling in ecosystems - a journey towards relevance? New Phytol 157:475-492
Read DJ, Leake JR, Perez-Morena J 2004. Mycorrhizal fungi as drivers of ecosystem processes in heathland and boreal forest biomes. Can J Bot 82:11243-1263
Redecker D, Koder R, Graham LE 2000. Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician. Science 289:1920-1921
Redecker D, Schüssler A, Stockinger H, Stürmer SL, Morton JB, Walker C 2013. An evidence based consensus for the classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota). Mycorrhiza 23:515–531
Remy W, Taylor TN, Hass H, Kerp H 1994. Four hundred-million-year-old vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae. PNAS 91:11841-11843
Requena N, Breuninger M, Franken P, Ocón A 2003. Symbiotic status, phosphate and sucrose regulate the expression of two plasma membrane H+ -ATPase genes from the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. Plant Physiol 132:1540-1549
Richard F, Millot S, Gardes M, Selosse MA 2005. Diversity and specificity of ectomycorrhizal fungi retrieved from an old-growth Mediterranean forest dominated by Quercus ilex. New Phytologist 166: 1011–1023
Rimington WR, Pressel S, Duckett JG, Bidartondo MI 2015. Fungal associations of basal vascular plants: reopening a closed book? New Phytol 205:1394-1398
Rineau F, Roth D, Shah F, Smits M, Johansson T, Canbäck B, Olsen PB, Persson P, Grell MN, Lindquist E et al. 2012. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus converts organic matter in plant litter using a trimmed brown-rot mechanism involving Fenton chemistry. Environmental Microbiol 14:1477–1487
Ritter T, Kottke I, Oberwinkler 1986. Nachweis der Vitalität von Mykorrhizen durch FDA-Vitalfluorochromierung. Biologie in unserer Zeit 16:179-185
Rivera-Becerril F et mult. 2002. Cadmium accumulation and buffering of cadmium-induced stress by arbuscular mycorrhiza in three Pisum sativum L. genotypes. J Eperimental Bot 53:1177-1185
Rivera-Hoyos CM, Morales-Alavarez ED, Poutou-Pinales RA, et al. 2013. Fungal laccases. Review. Fungal Biology Reviews 27:67-82
Rivero J, Alvarez D, Flors V, Azcon-Aguilar C, Pozo MJ 2018. Root metabolic plasticity underlies functional diversity in mycorrhiza-enhanced stress tolerance in tomato. New Phytol 220:1322-1336
Robertson DC, Robertson JA 1982. Ultrastructure of Pterospora andromeda Nuttall and Sarcodes sanguinea Torrey mycorrhizas. New Phytol 92:539-551
Robertson DC, Robertson JA 1985. Ultrastructural aspects of Pyrola mycorrhizae. Can J Bot 63:1089-1098
Robin V, Nadeau MJ, Grootes PM, Bork HR, Nelle O 2016. Too early and too northerly: evidence of temperate trees in northern Central Europe during the Younger Dryas. New Phytol doi: 10.1111/nph.13844
Robson, AD, Abbott LK, Malajczuk N eds. 1994. Management of mycorrhizas in agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Kluwer Academic Publ., Dortrecht, Boston, London
Roche SA, Carter RJ, Peakall R, Smith LM, Whitehead MR, Linde CC 2010. A narrow group of monophyletic Tulasnella (Tulasnellaceae) symbiont lineages are associated with multipe species of Chiloglottis (Orchidaceae): Implications for orchid diversity. Am J Bot 97:1313–1327
Rochet J, Moreau PA, Manzi S, Gardes M 2011. Comparative phylogenies and host specialization in the alder ectomycorrhizal fungi Alnicola, Alpova and Lactarius (Basidiomycota) in Europe. BMC Evolutionary Biology 11:40
Rodríguez-Echeverría S, Teixeira H, Correia M, Timóteo S, Heleno R, Öpik M, Moora M 2017. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities from tropical Africa reveal strong ecological structure. New Phytol 213:380-396
Rohr RR, Saavedra S, Bascompte J 2014. On the structural stability of mutualistic systems. Science 345:416
Romell LG 1938. A trenching experiment in spruce forest and its bearing on problems with mycotrophy. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 32:89-99
Rose SL, Youngberg CT 1981. Tripartite association in snowbrush (Ceanothus velutinus): effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae on growth, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation. Can J Bot 59:34-39
Rosendahl S 2012. The first glance into the Glomus genome: an ancient asexual scandal with meiosis? New Phytol 193:546-548
Roy M, Dubois MP, Proffit M, Vincenot L, Desmarais E, Selosse MA 2008. Evidence from population genetics that the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria amethystina is an actual multihost symbiont. Molecular Ecol 17:2825-2838
Roy M, Rochet J, Manzi S, Jargeat P, Gryta H, Moreau P-A, Gardes M. 2013. What determines ’’Alnus’’-associated ectomycorrhizal community diversity and specificity? A comparison of host and habitat effects at a regional scale. New Phytol 198:1228–1238
Ruiz-Lozano JM, Porcel R, Bárzana G, Azcón R, Aroca R 2017. Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis to plant drought tolerance: State of the art. In: Aroca R (ed) Plant Responses to Drought Stress, Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 335-362
Ruyter-Spira C, Bouwmeester H 2012. Strigolactones affect development in primitive plants. The missing link between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi? New Phytol 195:730-733 (Review)
Rudawska ML, Kieliszewska-Rokicka B 1997. Mycorrhizal formation by Paxillus involutus strains in realtion to their IAA-synthesizing activity. New Phytol 137:509-517
Russell AK, Bidartondo MI, Butterfield BG 2002. The root nodules of the Podocarpaceae harbour arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 156:283-295
Russell J, Bulman S 2005. The liverwort Marchantia foliacea forms a specialized symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the genus Glomus. New Phytol 165:567–579
Ruytinx et mult. 2017. Homeostasis of trace elements in mycorrhizal fungi. In: Martin F (ed) Molecular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, pp 277-298
Ryberg M, Matheny 2012. Asynchronous origins of ectomycorrhizal clades of Agaricales. Proc R Soc B 279:2003-2011
Saito K, Kuga-Uetake J, Saito M, Peterson RL 2006. Vacuolar localization of phosphorus in hyphae of Phialocephala fortinii, a dark septate fungal root Endophyte. Can J Microbiol 52:643–650
Salvioli A, Chiapiello M, et mult. 2010. Endobacteria affect the metabolic profile of their host Gigaspora margarita, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Environmental Microbiol 12:2083-2095
Salzer P, Hager A 1991. Sucrose utilization of the ectomycorrhizal fungi Amanita muscaria and Hebeloma crustuliniform depends on the cell wall-bound invertase activity of their host Picea abies. Botanica Acta 104:439–445
Salzer P, Hager A 1993. Charaterization of wall-bound invertase isoforms of Picea abies cells and regulation by ectomycorrhizal fungi. Physiol Plantarum 88:52-59
Salzer P, Münzenberger B, Schwacke R, Kottke I, Hager A 1997. Signalling in ectomycorrhizal fungus-root interactions. In: H. Rennenberg, W. Eschrich, H. Ziegler (eds). Trees -Contribution to modern tree physiology. SPB Academic Publ. The Hague, pp 339-356
Sammer D, Krause K, Gube M, Wagner K, Kothe E 2016. Hydrophobins in the life cycle of the basidiomycete Tricholoma vaccinum. PLOS One 11:e0167773
Sanchez-Bel P, Troncho P, Gamir J, Pozo MJ, Camanes G, Cervezo M, Flors V 2016. The nitrogen availability interferes with mycorrhiza-induced resistance against Botrytis cinerea in Tomato. Frontiers in Microbiology 7:1598
Santamaría S, Galeano J, Pastor JM, Méndez M 2014. Robustness of alpine pollination networks: effects of network structure and consequences for endemic plants. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 46:568-580
Saraswat S, Rai JP 2011. Mechanism of metal tolerace and detoxification in mycorrhizal fungi. In: M. S. Khan et al. (eds.) Biomanagement of Metal-Contaminated Soils, Environmantal Pollution 20, Springer Science and Business Media B. V. pp 225-240
Scales PF, Peterson RL 1991a. Structure and development of Pinus banksiana – Wilcoxina ectendomycorrhizae. Can J Bot 69:2135-2148
Scales PF, Peterson RL 1991b. Structure of ectomycorrhizae formed by Wilcoxina mikolae var. mikolae with Picea mariana and Betula alleghaniensis. Can J Bot 69: 2149-2157
Scannerini S, Bonfante-Fasolo P 1983. Comparative ultrastructural analysis of mycorrhizal associations. Can J Bot 61:917-943
Schaarschmidt S, Roitsch T, Hause B 2006. Arbuscular mycorrhiza induces gene expression of the apoplastic invertase LIN6 in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) roots. J Exp Bot 57:4015–4023
Scheidegger C, Brunner I 1993. Freeze-fracturing for low-temperature scanning electron microscopy of Hartig net in synthesized Picea abies-Hebeloma crustuliniforme and -Tricholoma vaccinum ectomycorrhizas. New Phytol 123:123-132
Schmid E, Oberwinkler F 1993. Mycorrhiza-like interaction between the achlorophyllous gametotophyte of Lycopodium clavatum L. and its fungal endophyte studied by light and electron microscopy. New Phytol 124:69-81
Schmid E, Oberwinkler F 1994. Light and electron microscopy of the host-fungus interaction in the achlorophyllous gametophyte of Botrychium lunaria. Can J Bot 72:182-188
Schmid E, Oberwinkler F, Gomez LD 1995. Light and electron microscopy of the host-fungus interaction in the roots of some epiphytic ferns from Costa Rica. Can J Bot 73:991-996
Schmid E, Oberwinkler F 1995. A light- and electron-microscopic study on a vesicular-arbuscular host-fungus interaction in gametophytes and young sporophytes of the Gleicheniaceae (Filicales). New Phytol 129:317-324
Schmid E, Oberwinkler F 1996. Light and electron microscopy of a distictive VA mycorrhiza in mature sporophytes of Ophioglossum reticulatum. Mycol Res 100:843-849
Schneider K, Renker C, Maraun M 2005. Oribatid mite (Acari, Oribatida) feeding on ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza 16:67-72
Schoch CL et mult. 2009. The Ascomycota Tree of Life: A phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Syst Biol 58:224–239
Schoch CL and Fungal Barcoding Consortium 2012. Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for fungi. PNAS 109:6241-6246
Schröder HC, Müller EG eds. 1999. Inorganic Polyphosphates. Biochemistry, Biology, Biotechnology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, S. 1-18
Schubert R, Raidl S, Funk R, Bahnweg G, Müller-Starck G, Agerer R 2003. Quantitative detection of agar-cultivated and rhizotron-grown Piloderma croceum Erikss. & Hjortst. by ITS1-based fluorescent PCR. Mycorrhiza 13:159-165
Schüßler A 2000. Glomus claroideum forms an arbuscular mycorrhiza-like symbiosis with the hornwort Anthoceros punctatus. Mycorrhiza 10:15–21
Schüßler A, Schwarzott D, Walker C 2001. A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution. Mycol Res 105:1413-1421
Schüßler A, Walker C 2010. The Glomeromycota: a species list with new families and genera. Edinburgh & Kew, UK: The Royal Botanic Garden; Munich, Germany: Botanische Staatssammlung München; Oregon, USA: Orgon State University. URL: http://amf-phylogeny.com.
Schweiger R, Baier MC, Persicke M, Müller C 2014a. High specificity in plant leaf metabolic responses to arbuscular mycorrhiza. Nature Communications 5:3886 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4886
Selosse M-A, Jacquot D, Bouchard D, Martin F, Le Tacon F 1998. Temporal persistence and spatial distribution of an American inoculant strain of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor in a French forest plantation. Molec Evolu 7:561-573
Selosse M-A, Bauer R, Moyersoen B 2002a. Basal hymenomycetes belonging to the Sebacinaceae are ectomycorrhizal on temperate deciduous trees. New Phytol 155:183-195
Selosse M-A, Weiß M, Jany J-L, Tiller A 2002b. Communities and populations of sebacinoid Basidiomycetes associated with the achlorophyllous orchid Neottia nidus-avis (L.) L. C. M. Rich. and neighbouring tree ectomycorrhizae. Molecular Ecol 11:1831–1844
Selosse M-A, Faccio A, Scappaticci G, Bonfante P 2004. Chlorophyllous and achlorophyllous specimens of Epipactis microphylla (Neottieae, Orchidaceae) are associated with ectomycorrhizal septomycetes, including truffles. Microbial Ecology 47:416-426
Selosse M-A, Setrao S, Glatard F, Richard F, Urcelay C, Weiß M 2007. Sebacinales are common mycorrhizal associates of Ericaceae. New Phytol 174:864-878
Selosse M-A, Roy M 2009. Green plants that feed on fungi: facts and questions about mixotrophy. Trend Plant Sci 14:64-70.
Selosse M-A, Martos F, Perry BA, Pamdamsee M, Roy M, Pailler T 2010. Saprophytic fungal mycorrhizal symbionts in achlorophyllous orchids. Plant Signalling & Behaviour 5:1-5
Setaro S, Oberwinkler F, Kottke I 2006a. Anatomy and ultrastructure of mycorrhizal associations of Neotropical Ericaceae. Mycol Progress 5:243-254
Setaro S, Weiß M, Oberwinkler F, Kottke I 2006b. Sebacinales form ectendomycorrhizas with Cavendishia nobilis, a member of the Andean clade of Ericaceae, in the mountain rain forest of southern Ecuador. New Phytol 169:355-365
Setaro S, Kron K 2012. Neotropical and North American Vaccinioideae (Ericaceae) share their mycorrhizal Sebacinales - an indication for concerted migration? PLOS Currents Tree of Life. 2012 Apr.4 doi: 10.1371/currents.RRN1227
Setaro S, Suarez JP, Herrera P, Cruz D, Kottke I 2013. Distinct but closely related Sebacinales from mycorrhizae with co- existing Ericaceae and Orchidaceae in a neotropical mountain area. in: Varma A, Kost G, Oelmüller R (eds.) Sebacinales. Forms, Functions and Biotechnological Application. Springer, pp. 81-105
Shah F et mult. 2016. Ectomycorrhizal fungi decompose soil organic matter using oxidative mechanisms adapted from saprophytic ancestors. New Phytol 209:1705-1719
Sharples JM, Meharg AA, Chambers SM, Cairney JW 2001. Arsenate resistance in the ericoid fungus Hymenoscyphus ericae. New Phytol 151:265-270
Shefferson RP, Cowden CC, McCormick MK, Yukawa T, Ogura-Tsujita Y, Hashimoto T 2010. Evolution of host breadth in broad interactions: mycorrhizal specificity in East Asian and North American rattlesnake plantains (Goodyera spp.) and their fungal hosts. Molecular Ecology 19:3008–3017
Shinohara ML, LoBuglio K, Rogers SO 1999. Comaprison of ribosomal DNA ITS regions among geographic isolates of Cenococcum geophilum. Curr Genet 35:527-525
Sigmund K 1995. Spielpläne. Zufall, Chaos und die Strategien der Evolution. Hoffmann & Campe, Hamburg
Simard SW, Perry DA, Jones MD, Myrold DD, Durall DM, Molina R 1997. Net transfer of carbon between ectomycorrhizal tree species in the field. Nature 388:579-582
Simard SW and Durall DM 2004. Mycorrhizal networks: a review of their extent, function, and importance. Can J Bot 82:1140-1165
Sirikantaramas S, Sugiokai N, Lee SS, Mohamed LA, Lee HS, Schmidt AS, Yamazaki T 2003. Molecular identification of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Dipterocarpaceae. TROPICS 13:69-77
Smith S, Read D 2008. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, 3rd edn. Academic Press, San Diego
Solaiman MZ, Ezawa T, Kojima T, Saito M 1999. Polyphosphates in intraradical and extraradical hyphae of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita. Applied and Environmental Microbiol (AEM) 65:5604-5606
Solaiman MZ, Saito M 2001. Phosphate efflux from intraradical hyphae of Gigaspora margarita in vitro and its implication for phosphorus translocation. New Phytol 151:525-533
Solé RV, Bascompte J 2006. Self-Organization in Complex Ecosystems. Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford
Sondergaard TE, Schulz A, Palmgren MG 2004. Energization of transport processes in plants. Roles of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase. Plant Physiol 136:2475-2482
Spanu PD et mult. 2010. Genome expansion and gene loss in powdery mildew fungi reveal tradeoffs in extreme parasitism. Science 330:1543-1546
Spatafora JW, Benny GL, Lazarus K et mult. 2016. A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete based on genome-scale data. Mycologia 108:1028-1046
Splivallo R, Fischer U, Göbel C, Feusser I, Karlovsky P 2008. Truffles regulate plant root morphogenesis via the production of Auxin and Ethylene. Plant Physiol 150:2018-2029
Staddon PL, Ramsey CB, Ostle N, Ineson P, Fitter AH 2003. Rapid turnover of hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi determined by AMS microanalysis of 14C. Science 300:1138-140
St-Arnaud M, Hamel C, Vimard B, Caron M, Fortin JA 1996. Enhanced hyphal growth and spore production of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices in an in vitro system in the absence of host roots. Mycol Res 100:328-332
Steidinger BS, Turner BL, Corrales A, Dalling JW 2015. Variability in potential to exploit different soil organic phosphorus compounds among tropical montane tree species. Functional Ecol 29:121-130
Steward WN, Rothwell GW 1993. Paleobotany and the evolution of plants. Cambridge University press, 2nd ed
Stinson KA et mult. 2006. Invasive plant supresses the growth of native tree seedlings by disrupting belowground mutualisms. PLOS Biology 4:e140
Stockey RA, Rothwell GW, Addy HD, Currah RS 2001. Mycorrhizal association of the extinct conifer Metasequoia milleri. Mycol Res 105:202-205
Stöckel M, Těšitelová T, Jersáková J, Bidartondo M, Gebauer G 2014. Carbon and nitrogen gain during the growth of orchid seedlings in nature. New Phytol 202:606-615
Straatsma G, van Grievsen LJ, Bruinsma J 1986. Root growth on in vitro growth of hyphae of the mycorrhizal mushroom Cantharellus cibarius replaced by carbon dioxide. Physiol Plant 67:521-628
Straker CJ, Schnippenkoetter WH, Lemoine MC 1992. Analysis of acid invertase and comparison with acid phosphatase in the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Hymenoscyphus ericae (Read) Korf and Kernan. Mycorhriza 2:63-67
Strullu-Derrien C, Kenrick P, Pressel S, Duckett JG, Rioult J-P, Strullu D-G 2014. Fungal associations in Horneophyton ligneri from the Rhynie Chert (c. 407 million year old) closely resemble those in extant lower land plants: novel insights into ancestral plant–fungus symbioses. New Phytol 203:964-979
Stubblefield SP, Taylor TN, Trappe JM 1987. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae from the Triassic of Antarctica. Amer J Bot 47:1904-11
Suárez JP, Weiß M, Abele A, Oberwinkler F, Kottke I 2008. Members of Sebacinales subgroup B form mycorrhizae with epiphytic orchids in a neotropical mountain rain forest. Mycol Progress 7: 75-85
Suárez JP, Eguiguren JS, Herrera P, Jost L 2016. Do mycorrhizal fungi drive speciation in Teagueia (Orchidaceae) in the upper Pastaza watershed of Ecuador? Symbiosis, 1–8. http://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-016-0399-6
Suetsugu K, Matsubayashi J, Tayasu I 2020. Some mycoheterotrophic orchids depend on carbon from dead wood: novel evidence from a radiocarbon approach. New Phytol doi:10.1111/nph.16409
Sun YP, Fries N 1992. The effect of tree-root exudates on the growth rate of ectomycorrhizal and saprophytic fungi. Mycorrhiza 1:63-69
Sun YP, Unestam T, Lucas SD, Johanson KJ, Kenne L, Finlay R 1999. Exudation-reabsorption in a mycorrhizal fungus, the dynamic interface for interaction with soil and soil microorganisms. Mycorrhiza 9:137-144
Tagu D, De Bellis R, Balestrini R; De VRies OM, Piccoli G, Stocchi V, Bonfante P, Martin F 2001. Immunolocalization of hydrophobin HYDPt-1 from the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Pisolithus tinctorius during colonization of Eucalyptus globulus roots. New Phytol 149:127-135
Tarkka MT, Herrmann S, Wubet T et al. 2013. OakContigDF159.1, a reference library for studying differential gene expression in Quercus robur during controlled biotic interactions: use for quantitative transcriptomic profiling of oak roots in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis New Phytol 199:529–540
Taylor DL, Bruns TD 1997. Independent, specialized invasion of ectomycorrhizal mutualism by two nonphotosynthetic orchids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:4510-4515
Taylor TN, Remy W, Hass H, Kerp H 1995. Fossil arbuscular mycorrhizae from the Early Devonian. Mycologia 87:560-573
Taylor TN, Klavins, SD, Krings M, Taylor EL, Kerp H, Hass H 2004. Fungi from the Rhynie chert: a view from the dark side. Trans Royal Soc Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 94:457-473
Tedersoo L, Köljalg U, Hallenberg N, Larsson K-H 2003. Fine scale distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi and roots across substrate layers including coarse woody debris in a mixed forest. New Phytol 159:153-165
Tedersoo L, Hansen K, Perry BA, Kjoller R 2006. Molecular and morphological diversity of pezizalean ectomycorrhiza. New Phytol 170:581-596
Tedersoo L, Suvi T, Larsson E, Köljalg U 2006. Diversity and community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a wooded meadow. Mycol Res 110:734-748
Tedersoo L, May TW, Smith ME, 2010a. Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages. Mycorrhiza 20: 217e263
Tedersoo L, Sadam A, Zambrano M, Valencia R, Bahram M 2010b. Low diversity and high host preference of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Western Amazonia, a neotropical biodiversity hotspot. The ISME Journal 4:465–471
Těšitelová T, Jersáková J, Roy M, Kubátová B, Těšitel J, Urfus T, Trávníček P, Suda J 2013. Ploidy-specific symbiotic interactions: divergence of mycorrhizal fungi between cytotypes of the Gymnadenia conopsea group (Orchidaceae). New Phytol doi: 10.1111/nph.12348
Těšitelová T, Kotilínek M, Jersáková J et al. 2015. Two widespread green Neottia species (Orchidaceae) show mycorrhizal preference for Sebacinales in various habitats and ontogenetic stages. Molec Ecol 24:1122-1134
Thoen D, Ba AM 1989. Ectomycorrhizas and putative ectomycorrhizal fungi of Afzelia africana SM. and Uapaca guinensis Müll. Arg. in southern Senegal. New Phytol 113:549-559
Thompson JN 2005. The Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London
Tibbett M, Sanders FE, Cairney JW 2002. Low-temperature-induced changes in trehalose, mannnitol and arabitol associated with enhanced tolerance to freezing in ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes (Hebeloma spp.) mycorrhiza 12:249-255
Timonen S, Sen R 1998. Heterogeneity of fungal and plant enzyme expression in intact Scots pine-Suillus bovinus and -Paxillus involutus mycorrhizospheres developed in natural forest humus. New Phytol 138:355-366
Tisserant E et mult. 2012. The transcriptome of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices (DAOM 197198) reveals functional tradeoffs in an obligate symbiont. New Phytol 193:755-769
Tisserant E et mult. 2013. Genome of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus provides insight into the oldest plant symbiosis. PNAS 110:20117-20122
Toftegaard T, Iason GR, Alexander IJ, Rosendahl S, Taylor AFS 2010. The threatened plant intermediate wintergreen (Pyrola media) associates with a wide range of biotrophic fungi in native Scottish pine woods. Biodiversity and Conservation 19:3963–3971
Torres-Cortés G, Ghignone S, Bonfante P, Schüßler A 2015. Mosaic genome of endobacteria in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Transkingdom gene transfer in an ancient mycoplasma-fungus association. PNAS 112:7785-7790
Toth R, Miller M 1984. Dynamics of arbuscule development and degeneration in a Zea mays mycorrhiza. Amer J Bot 71:449-460
Trappe JM 1962. Cenococcum graniforme - its distribution, ecology, mycorrhiza formation, and inherent variation. PhD Dissertation University Washington, Seattle, 148 pp
Trappe, JM 1988. Lessons from alpine fungi. Mycologia 80:1-10
Treseder 2004. A meta-analysis of mycorrhizal responses to nitrogen, phosphorus, and atmospheric CO2 in field studies. New Phytol 164:347-355
Treseder KK, Torn MS, Masiello CA 2006. An ecosystem-scale radiocarbon tracer to test use of litter carbon by ectomycorrhizal fungi. Soil Biol Biochem 38:1077–1082
Trudell SA, Rygiewicz PT, Edmonds RL 2003. Nitrogen and carbon stable isotope abundances support the myco-heterotrophic nature and host-specificity of certain achlorophyllous plants. New Phytol 160:391–401
Tunlid A, Floudas D, Koide R, Rineau F 2017. Soil organic matter decomposition mechanisms in ectomycorrhizal fungi. In: Martin F (ed) Molcular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 257-275
Turnau K, Kottke I, Oberwinkler F 1993. Paxillus involutus-Pinus sylvestris mycorrhizae from heavily polluted forest. I. Element localization using electron energy loss spectroscopy and imaging. Acta Botanica 106:213-219
Turnau, K, Kottke I, Oberwinkler F 1993. Comparative studies of elongated and globose Woronin bodies using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and imaging (ESI). Mycol Res 97:1499-1504
Turnau K, Berger A, Loewe A, Einig W, Hampp R, Chalot M, Dizengremel P, Kottke I 2001. Carbon dioxide concentration and nitrogen input affect the C and N storage pools in Amanita muscaria-Picea abies mycorrhizae. Tree Physiol 21:93-99
Uetake Y, Peterson RL 1998. Association between microtubules and symbiotic fungal hyphae in protocorm cells of the orchid species, Spiranthes sinensis. New Phytol 140:715-722
Upson R, Read DJ, Newsham KK 2007. Widespread association between the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Rhizoscyphus ericae and the leafy liverwort in the maritime and sub-Antartic. New Phytol 176:460-471
Urcelay C, Díaz S 2003. The mycorrhizal dependence of subordinates determines the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant diversity. Ecology Letters 6:388-391
Vági P, Knapp DG, Kósa A, Seress D, Horvath AN, Kovács GM 2014. Simultaneous specific in plants visualization of root-colonizing fungi using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Mycorrhiza 24:259-266
Väre H 1990. Aluminium polyphosphate in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus variegatus (Fr.) O. Kunze as revealed by energy dispersive spectrometry. New Phytol 116:663-668
Van Driel KG, Humbel BM, Verkleij AJ, Stalpers J, Müller WH, Boekhout T 2009. Septal pore complex morphology in the Agaricomycotina (Basidiomycota) with emphasis on the Cantharellales and Hymenochaetales. Mycol Res 113:559-576
Van der Heijden EW, Vries FW, Kuyper TW 1999. Mycorrhizal associations of Salix repens L. communities in succession of dune ecosystemes. I. Above-ground and below-ground views of ectomycorrhizal fungi in relation to soil chemistry. Can J Bot 77:1821-1832
Van der Heijden MG, Martin F, Selosse MA, Sanders IR 2015. Mycorrhizal ecology and evolution: the past, the present, and the future. Tansley Review. New Phytol 205:1406-1423
van Hees PA, Rosling A, Essén S, Godbold DL, Jones DL, Finlay RD 2005. Oxalate and ferricrocin exudation by the extramatrical mycelium of an ectomycorrhizal fungus in symbiosis with Pinus sylvestris. New Phytol 169:367-378
Vannini C et mult. 2016. An interdomain network: the endobacterium of a mycorrhizal fungus promotes antioxidative responses in both fungal and hosts. New Phytol doi: 10.1111/nph.13895
Vázquez DP, Aizen MA 2003. Null model analyses of specialization in plant-pollinator interactions. Ecology 84:2493–2501
Veldre V et mult. 2013. Evolution of nutritional modes of Ceratobasidiaceae (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) as revealed from publicly available ITS sequences. Fungal Ecology 6:256-268
Verdú M, Valient-Banuet A 2008. The nested assembly of plant facilitation networks prevents species extinctions. American Naturalist 172, 10 pp; DOI: 10.1086/593003
Vohnik M, Sadowsky JJ, Kohout P, Lhotáková Z, Nestby R 2012. Novel root-fungus symbiosis in Ericaceae: Sheathed ericoid mycorrhiza formed by a hitherto undescribed basidiomycete with affinities to Trechisporales. PLOS ONE 7 (6) e39524
Vohnik M, Pánek M, Fehrer J, Selosse MA 2016. Experimental evidence of ericoid mycorrhizal potential within Serendipitaceae (Sebacinales). Mycorrhiza 26:831-846
Vrålstad T, Schumacher T, Taylor AF 2002. Mycorrhizal synthesis between fungal strains of the Hymenoscyphus ericae aggregate and potential ectomycorrhizal and ericoid hosts. New Phytol 153:143-152
Vrålstad T 2004. Are ericoid and ectomycorrhizal fungi part of a common guild? New Phytol 164:7-10
Wachsman G, Sparks EE, Benfey PN 2015. Genes and networks regulating root anatomy and architecture. Tansley review. New Phytol 208:26-38
Wäckers E 1998. Untersuchungen zu Pilz-Wirtsinteraktionen in Wurzeln und Gametophyten von Pteridophyten. Dissertation Tübingen
Wallenda T, Kottke I 1998. Nitrogen deposition and ectomycorrhizas: ecological and physiological implications. New Phytol 139:169-187
Wallander H 1992. Regulation of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis in Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings. Influence of mineral nutrition. Uppsala, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest mycology and Pathology, ISBN 91-576-4637-6
Walker C 1985. Endogone lactiflua forming ectomycorhrizas with Pinus contorta. Trans Br Mycol Soc 84:353-355
Walker JF, Aldrich-Wolfe L, Riffel A, Barbare H, Simpson NB, Trowbridge J, Jumpponen A 2011. Diverse Helotiales associated with the roots of three species of arctic Ericaceae provide no evidence for host specificity. New Phytol 191:515–527
Walter MH, Fester T, Strack D 2000. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi induce the non-mevalonate methylerythritol phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis correlated with accumulation of the “yellow pigment” and other apocarotenoids. The Plant Journal 21:571-578
Wang B, Qiu Y-L 2006 Phylogenetic distribution and evolution of mycorrhizas in plants. Mycorrhiza 16:299-363
Wang B, Yeun LH, Xue J-Y, Liu Y, Ané –M, Qiu Y-L 2010. Presence of three mycorrhizal genes in the common ancestor of land plants suggest a key role of mycorrhizas in the colonization of land plants. New Phytol 186: 514-525
Wang E et mult. 2012. A common signaling process that promotes mycorrhizal and oomycete colonization of plants. Curr Biol 22:2242-2246
Wang E, Yu N, Bano AS et al. 2014. A H+-ATPase that energizes nutrient uptake during mycorrhizal symbiosis in rice and Medicago truncatula. The Plant Cell Preview, www.aspb.org, 13 pp
Wang H et mult. 2009 Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests. PNAS 106:3853-3858
Wang Z, Johnston PR, Takamatsu S, Spataforta JW, Hibbett DS 2006. Towards a phylogenetic classification of the Leotiomycetes based on rDNA data. Mycologia 98:1065-1075
Warcup JH, Talbot PH 1966. Perfect states of some Rhizoctonias. Trans Br Mycol Soc 49:427-435
Warcup JH, Talbot PH 1967. Perfect states of Rhizoctonias associated with orchids I. New Phytol 66:631-641
Warcup JH, Talbot PH 1967. Perfect states of Rhizoctonias associated with orchids II. New Phytol 70:35-40
Warcup JH, Talbot PH 1980. Perfect states of Rhizoctonias associated with orchids III. New Phytol 86:267-272
Warcup JH 1990. Taxonomy, culture, and mycorrhizal associations of some zygosporic Endogonaceae. Mycol Res 94:173–178
Watermann RJ, Bidartondo MI, Stofberg J, Combs JK, Gebauer G, Savolainen V, Barraclough TG, Pauw A 2011. The effects of above- and belowground mutualisms on orchid speciation and coexistence. American Naturalist 177:E54-E68
Waud M, Busschaert P, Ruyters S, Jacquemyn H, Lievens B 2014. Impact of primer choice on characterization of orchid mycorrhizal communities using 454 pyrosequencing. Molec Ecol Resources 14:679–699
Waud M, Wiegand T, Brys R, Levens B, Jacquemyn H 2016. Nonrandom seedling establishment corresponds with distance-dependent decline in mycorrhizal abundance in two terrestrial orchids. New Phtyol doi:10.1111/nph.13894
Weber A, Karst J, Gilbert B, Kimmins JP 2005. Thuja plicata exclusion in ectomycorrhiza-dominated forests: testing the role of inoculum potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Oecologia 143:148-156
Weber G 1990. Untersuchungen der Mikropilzflora im Wurzelbereich von Fichten verschiedener Schadstufen. Dissertation Universität Tübingen
Weigt RB, Raidl S, Verma R, Agerer R 2012. Exploration type-specific standard values of extramatrical mycelium – a step towards quantifying ectomycorrhizal space occupation and biomass in natural soil. Mycol Progress 11:287-297
Wellman CH, Osterloff PL, Mohiuddin U 2003. Fragments of the earliest land plants. Nature 425:282-285
Werner GD, Cornwell1 WK, Sprent JI, Kattge J, Kiers ET 2014. A single evolutionary innovation drives the deep evolution of symbiotic N2-fixation in angiosperms. Nature Communications 5:4087; DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5087
Wessels JG 1997. Hydrophobins: proteins that change the nature of the fungal surface. Adv Microbial Physiol 38:1-45
Wessels JG 2000. Hydrophobins, unique fungal proteins. Mycologist 14: part 4, November 2000
Wever V, Brands M, Dörmann P 2014. Fatty acid synthesis and lipid metabolism in the obligate biotrophic fungus Rhizophygus irregularis during mycorrhization of Lotus japonicus. The Plant Journal 79:398-412
Whipps JM 2004. Prospects and limitations for mycorrhizas in biocontrol of root pathogens. Can J Bot 82:1198-1227
Wikström N, Savolainen V, Chase MW 2001. Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree. Proc R Soc B 268:2211-2220
Wilcke W, Yasin S, Abramowski U, Valarezo C, Zech W 2002. Nutrient storage and turnover in organic layers under tropical montane rain forest in Ecuador. European J Soil Science 53: 15-27
Wilcox HE 1954. Primary organization of active and dormant roots of noble fir, Abies procera. Amer J Bot 41:812-821
Williamson B, Hadley G 1970. Penetration and Infection of orchid protocorms by Thanatephorus cucumeris and other Rhizoctonia isolates. Phytopathology 60: 1092-1096
Willis KJ and McElwain JC 2002. The evolution of plants. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
Wilpert K v, Schack-Kirchner H, Hoch R, Günther S, Hildebrand EE, Kottke, I, Lentovycova J 1996. Verteilung und Aktivität von Mykorrhizen in Abhängigkeit von der Nährelement-, Wasser- und Sauerstoffverfügbarkeit. FZKA-PEF 146, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, 153 S.
Winkelmann G 1992. Structures and functions of fungal siderophores containing hydroxamate and complexone type iron binding ligands. Mycol Res 96:529-534
Winkelmann G 2007. Ecology of siderophores with special reference to the fungi. BioMetals 20: 379-392
Winther JL, Friedman WE 2007. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts in Botrychium (Ophioglossaceae). Am J Bot 94:1248–1255
Winther JL, Friedman WE 2008. Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in Lycopodiaceae. New Phytol 177:790–801
Winther JL, Friedman WE. 2009. Phylogenetic affinity of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts in Psilotum nudum. J Plant Res 122:485–496
Wöllecke J, Münzenberger B, Hüttl RF 1999. Some effects of N on ectomycorrhizal diversity of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Northeastern Germany. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 116:135-140
Wösten Ha, Asgeirdottir SA, Krook JH, Drenth JH, Wessels JG 1994. The fungal hydrophobin Sc3p self-assembles at the surface of aerial hyphae as a protein membrane constituting the hydrophobic rodlet layer. European J Cell Biol 63:122-129
Wolfe BE, Tulloss RE, Pringle A 2012. The irreversible loss of a decomposition pathway marks the single origin of an ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. PLoS ONE 7: e39597.
Won H, Renner S 2006. Dating dispersal and radiation in the Gymnosperm Gnetum (Gnetales) - Clock calibration when outgroup relationships are uncertain. Systematic Biology 55:610-622
Woolhouse HW 1983. Toxicity and tolerance in the response of plants to metals. In: Lange OL, Nobel PS, Osmond CB, Ziegler H (eds.) Enzyclop. Plant Physiol. Vol. 12C: Physiological Plant Ecology III. pp. 245-300, Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
Wright DP, Read DL, Scholes D 1998. Mycorrhizal sink strength influences whole plant carbon balance of Trifolium repens L. Plant, Cell and Environment 21:881-891
Wright SF, Upadhyaya 1998. A survey of soils for aggregate stability and glomalin, a glycoprotein produced by hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Soil 198:97-107
Wu B, Nara K, Hogetsu T 2004. Genetic structure of Cenococcum geophilum populations in primary successional volcanic deserts on Mount Fuji as revealed by microsatellite markers. New Phytol 165:285-293
Wu QX, Mueller GM, Lutzoni FM, Huang YQ, Guo AY 2000. Phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of Eastern Asian and Eastern American disjunct Suillus species (Fungi) as inferred from nuclear ribosomal RNA ITS sequences. Molec Phylogen Evol 17:37-47
Xie X et mult. 2016. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis requires a phosphate transceptor in the Gigaspora margarita fungal symbiont. Molecular Plant 9:1583-1608
Xing X, Gai X, Liu Q, Hart MM, Guo S 2015. Mycorrhizal fungal diversity and community composition in a lithophytic and epiphytic orchid. Mycorrhiza 25:289-296
Yang CS, Wilcox H 1984. An E-strain ectomycorrhiza formed by a new species, Tricharina mikolae. Mycologia 76:675-684
Yang S, Pfister DH 2006. Monotropa uniflora plants of eastern Massachusetts form mycorrhizae with a diversity of russulacean fungi. Mycologia 98:535-540
Yagame T, Yamato M, Suzuki A, Iwase K 2008. Ceratobasidiaceae mycorrhizal fungi isolated from nonphotosynthetic orchid Chamaegastrodia sikokiana. Mycorrhiza 18:97e101
Yagame T, Orihara T, Selosse MA, Yamato M, Iwase K 2012. Mixotrophy of Platanthera minor, an orchid associated with ectomycorrhiza-forming Ceratobasidiaceae fungi. New Phytol 193:178e187
Young JP 2009. Kissing cousins: mycorrhizal fungi get together. New Phytol 181:751-753
Young JP 2012. A molecular guide to the taxonomy of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 193:823-826
Yukawa T, Ogura-Tsujita Y, Shefferson RP, Yokoyama J 2009. Mycorrhizal diversity in Apostasia (Orchidaceae) indicates the origin and evolution of orchid mycorrhiza. Am J Bot 96:1997–2009
Zaretsky M, Sitrit Y, Mills D, Roth-Bejerano N, Kagan-Zur V 2006. Differential expression of fungal genes at preinfection and mycorrhiza establishment between Terfezia boudieri isolates and Cistus incanus hairy root clones. New Phytol 171:837-846
Zhao Zhi-Wei 2000. The arbuscular mycorrhizas of pteridophytes in Yunnan, southwest China: evolutionary interpretations. Mycorrhiza 10:145-149
Zhang F et mult. 2018. The ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor releases a secreted β-1,4 endoglucanase that plays a key role in symbiosis development. New Phytol 220:1309-1321
Zhang YH, Zhuang WY 2004. Phylogenetic relationships of some members in the genus Hymenoscyphus (Ascomycetes, Helotiales). Nova Hedwigia 78:475-484
Zhang X, Pumplin N, Ivanov S, Harrison MJ 2015. EXO70I is required for development of a sub-domain of the periarbuscular membrane during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Current Biol 25:2189-2195
Zhou Z, Miwa M, Hogetsu T 2001. Polymorphism of simple sequence repeats reveals gene flow within and between ectomycorrhizal Suillus grevillei populations. New Phytol 149:339-348
Zimmer K, Hynson NA, Gebauer G, Allen EB, Allen MF, Read DJ 2007. Wide geographical and ecological distribution of nitrogen and carbon gains from fungi in pyroloids and monotropoids (Ericaceae) and in orchids. New Phytol 175:166–175
Zotz G, Winkler U 2013. Aerial roots of epiphytic orchids: the velamen radicum and its role in water and nutrient uptake. Oecologia 171:733-741