Geschichte Europas/ Überblick

Einführung

Der Zweck dieser Seite ist es, einen kurzen Überblick über die Schlüsselereignisse und Geschehnisse des Buches wiederzugeben. Die markierten Begriffe sind jeweils zu den passenden Buchstellen verlinkt und erlauben eine möglichst schnelle Suche. Übergreifende Begriffe sind nicht auf spezielle Abschnitte verlinkt, da diese bereits durch das Lesen des Buches hervorgehen sollten.

Dieser Teil des Buches bietet einen exzellenten Überblick für Schüler und Studenten und Leser um sicherzugehen, dass sie alle Schlüsselereignisse jedes Zeitabschnittes wissen. Unbekannte und vergessene Abschnitte können durch einen einfachen Klick noch einmal abgerufen und gelernt werden.

15. Jahrhundert: Renaissance

• Feudalism and Serfdom
• Aristocracy is the dominant class
• Invention of Printing Press: 1450
• Italy dominant in trade and culture
• HRE/Austria dominant politically/militarily
• Growth of town life from manors
• Renaissance: 1350-1550
  • DaVinci
  • Michelagenlo
  • Petrarch and Boccacio, Italian Humanists
  • DeGama/Diaz - Portuguese Explorers
• Problems with Catholic Church
  • Great Schism
  • Simony and Nepotism
  • Corruption of Clergy
  • Sale of Indulgences
• Plague
• Humanism
• Rise of New Monarchies
  • Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
  • Henry VII of England
  • Charles XI of France
• Southern vs. Northern Humanism - Northern had more education, science, Christianity; Southern had Civic Humanism, advocating involvement in politics, Greco-Roman secular thought
• Early Heretics: Jan Huss and Wycliffe
• Spain's 1492 Reconquista: pushed out Jews and Muslims under Ferdinand and Isabella

16. Jahrhundert: Reformation

• Protestant Reformation 1517
• Austria slowly loses dominance to Spain
• Age of Exploration, Spain, Portugal and other European Powers
• New Monarchs prominent
• Church of England becomes Anglican under Henry VIII
• Martin Luther and Lutheranism
• Charles V of HRE/Austria
• Philip II of Spain
• Counter-Reformation and Council of Trent
• Spanish Armada 1588
• Dutch vs. Spanish Philip II vs. William of Orange, or "William the Silent"
• French Civil War: Valois vs. Guise vs. Bourbon - leads to Bourbon line in France
• Edict of Nantes 1598
• Peace of Augsburg ends Shmalkaldic War - princes can choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism
• Elizabeth and "Bloody" Mary Tudor
• Decline of Italy
• Calvinism, Zwingli

17. Jahrhundert: Religionskriege und Absolutismus

• Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648
• English Civil War, 1642-1649
• Age of Science
• Age of Absolutism, epitomized by Louis XIV, "Sun King"
• Stuart Dynasty in England, starting with James I and resulting in Glorious Revolution
• Peter the Great of Russia
• Rise of Prussia
• Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
• Peace of Westphalia, 1648 - ends Thirty Years' War
• Oliver Cromwell's reign in England
• Cardinal Richelieu with Louis XIII
• End of Counter-Reformation
• Baroque Art
• Charles II, War of Spanish Succession result in end of Spanish rule by Hapsburg dynasty
• Strongest Nation: France
• English and Dutch on the Rise

18. Jahrhundert: Aufklärung

• Enlightened Despotism
  • Catherine the Great
  • Joseph II
  • Frederick the Great
• War of Spanish Succession, ending in Peace of Utrecht, 1701-1713
• War of Austrian Succession, 1740-1748
• Diplomatic Revolution - Austria befriends France, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette subsequently marry, 1748-1756
• French Revolution, 1789-1799
• Enlightenment Philosophes: Voltaire, Rousseau, Adam Smith
• Start of Industrial Revolution in Britain, 1750

19. Jahrhundert: Revolutionen

• Britain emerges as dominant nation
• Napoleon Bonaparte's Consulate and Directory
• French Bourbon Restoration
• Rise of Nationalism
• French Revolution of 1830, as a result of the July Ordinances and ending with the July Monarchy of Louis Philippe
• 1848 Revolution in France results in President Louis Napoleon Bonaparte and Emperor Napoleon III
• 1848 Revolutions Across Europe suppressed by the Old Regime and the Congress System
• Rise of New Ideologies such as capitalism, republicanism, liberalism, conservatism, socialism, and communism
• Rise of Realpolitik
• Italian and German Unification
• Revolt of the Paris Commune
• Darwin's Theory of Evolution
• Rise of Imperialism
• Russia Struggling to Westernize
• Crimean War
• Victorian Age

20. Jahrhundert:

• United States and Soviet Union compete for supremacy
• Modern Art
• World War I pits the Triple Entente against the Triple Alliance
• Russian Revolution
• Victory in Europe Day occurs, as the armistice is signed at eleven o'clock on the eleventh day of the eleventh month of 1918
• The Treaty of Versailles is signed
• Weimar Republic is undermined by a general feeling among German citizens that they were "stabbed in the back"
• Rise of Pacifism and Isolation in the 1920s
• Challenges to Democracy in the 1930s
• Fascism in Germany and Italy
• Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939
• World War II
  • Yalta and Potsdam Conferences
• Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union
• Modern Britain with Attlee, Thatcher, Major and Blair
• French Fifth Republic occurs under President Charles DeGaulle, followed by Mitterand and Chirac
• Post-War Germany is divided and in 1991 reunited
• The European Union develops into a powerful organization